Day 51 | RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing | 90 Days

90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

This is Day 51 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing, We will cover the whole RAS Mains 2025 with this 90-day answer writing program

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GS Answer Writing – The Cell । Blood groups, Composition and Functions of Blood । Hormones । Translation

CharacteristicPlant CellsAnimal Cells
Cell WallPresentAbsent
ShapeGenerally rectangular or square-shapedGenerally round or irregularly shaped
VacuoleLarge central vacuoleSmall or multiple vacuoles
Plastids Present (for photosynthesis)Absent
Energy StorageIn form of Starch (in chloroplasts)In form of Glycogen (in cytoplasm)
CentriolesAbsentPresent (during cell division)
Nucleus Peripheral nucleusCentral nucleus 
Photo

The pancreas is classified as a mixed gland because it has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Exocrine FunctionEndocrine Function
Majority of pancreas; 
Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the small intestine.
These enzymes aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the food we consume.		Contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, composed of different types of hormone-secreting cells.  → secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels.
Lipase ⇒ Fat → fatty acid + Glycerol 
Amylase ⇒ Starch → maltose → Glucose + Glucose
Proteases (including trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase): Break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.
Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease: Digest RNA and DNA respectively, breaking them down into nucleotides.		Alpha cells (secrete glucagon): Stimulate the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels during fasting or between meals.
Beta cells (secrete insulin): Promote the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells, lowering blood sugar levels.
Gamma cells: somatostatin → growth hormone and control secretion of glucose and insulin

Blood is a red coloured, thick and slightly alkaline, connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.

  1. Plasma : 55 %  : 
    • Water 90-92 %, Proteins , Minerals like (Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2 etc)
    • Functions:
      1. Maintains osmotic pressure, transports hormones and fatty acids, regulates blood pH (Albumin).
      2. Recognizes and neutralizes pathogens, key role in the immune system (Globulins).
      3. Essential for blood clotting (Fibrinogen).
      4. Transport of digestion products, waste, and hormones.
      5. Maintains temperature and acid-base equilibrium in the blood.
    • Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium help maintain blood pH.
  2. Formed Elements : The cells of blood are Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) and White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) and cell fragments, the Platelets. Blood cells are formed in the bone marrow
Erythrocytes(Red Blood corpuscle)Transport oxygen to tissues and organs, and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
Leucocytes(White Blood Corpuscles)
(a)  Granulocytes
(72% of total white blood cell count) 
neutrophils (70%)
eosinophils (1.5%)
basophils (0.5%)
(b)  Agranulocytes (28%)
monocytes (4%) lymphocytes (24%)		Neutrophils and Monocytes: involved in phagocytosis (Killing of any foreign pathogens ) → Innate cellular Immunity 
Lymphocytes : Include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. T cells help regulate the immune response, B cells produce antibodies, and NK cells attack infected and cancerous cells. They are involved in adaptive immunity.
Eosinophils : defense against parasites and allergies, 
Basophils (release of inflammatory mediators).
PlateletsAid in blood clotting (coagulation) to prevent excessive bleeding. They aggregate at the site of injury to form a temporary plug, which, along with clotting factors, helps to stop bleeding and promote wound healing.

Paper 4 (Comprehension part) –  precis

PRECIS:

Facing the Global Climate Crisis

Climate change, caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases, is a pressing global crisis. It results in rising temperatures, more extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and threats to ecosystems, endangering human well-being and biodiversity. Addressing this crisis requires international cooperation and sustainable policies.

Day 51 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

Day 51 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

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