Broad based antibiotics: Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are said to be broad spectrum antibiotics.
- Prescribed when the specific bacteria causing an infection are unknown.
- Examples : Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, ofloxacin
An antacid is a medication that neutralizes excess stomach acid, providing relief from heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It contains alkaline compounds that raise the pH level of gastric contents, reducing acidity in the stomach.
- Metal Hydroxide : aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia), or sodium bicarbonate
(5 M के हिसाब से steps लिख देना )
Antimicrobial resistance is the resistance acquired by any microorganism (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.) against antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals etc) that are used to treat infections.
- Resistant microbes are more difficult to treat, requiring alternative medications or higher doses, both of which may be more expensive or more toxic.
Major Reasons :
- High prevalence of communicable diseases necessitating antimicrobial treatment
- Injudicious use of antibiotics, including overprescribing and incomplete courses
- Lack of effective regulation and monitoring of antibiotic residues in pharmaceutical industry effluents
Steps Taken:
- Implementation of the National Action Plan on AMR in 2017.
- Revision of antibiotics protocols by the WHO to curb antibiotic resistance.
- Commitment from G20 members to tackle antimicrobial resistance comprehensively, following the One Health approach.
Extra
- Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) or sometimes Superbugs.
- India has one of the highest rates of AMR in the world, with more than 60,000 newborns dying each year from antibiotic-resistant infections.)
| Criteria | Active Immunity | Passive Immunity |
| Definition | Immunity developed by the body after exposure to an antigen | Immunity acquired by transferring antibodies from another source |
| Source | Natural infection or vaccination | Maternal antibodies, antibody injections, or antiserum |
| Response Time | Takes time to develop (weeks to months) | Immediate protection |
| Duration | Long-lasting, sometimes lifelong | Short-term, usually lasts a few weeks to months |
| Memory Cells | Produces memory cells, providing long-term protection | Does not produce memory cells |
| Examples | Recovery from diseases like chickenpox, vaccinations like MMR | Newborn receiving antibodies from mother’s milk(colostrum), antivenom for snake bites, Anti-Tetanus injection |
| Characteristic | Covishield | Covaxin |
| Type | Viral vector vaccine (developed by AstraZeneca) | Inactivated virus vaccine |
| Manufacturer | Serum Institute of India (SII) | Bharat Biotech |
| Platform | Uses adenovirus vector | Uses inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus |
| Dosage | Requires two doses, typically 4-12 weeks apart | Requires two doses, 4 weeks apart |
| Efficacy | ~70-90% efficacy after two doses | ~81% efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 |
| For Childrens | Only for > 18 year | Available for < 18 years |
| Approval Status | Approved by WHO, EUA granted in many countries | Approved for emergency use in India, some other countries |
Drugs are chemicals of low molecular masses (~100 – 500u) that interact with biological macromolecular targets such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and produce a biological response. When these responses are beneficial, the chemicals become medicines used for diagnosing, preventing, and treating diseases
Classes of Drugs | Therapeutic Action | Examples | |
Antacid | Neutralizing excess stomach acid to relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and acid reflux. |
| |
Antihistamine | Alleviate allergic symptoms → easing nasal congestion and allergic responses to pollen. |
| |
Neurologically Active Drugs | Tranquilizers |
|
|
Neurologically Active Drugs | Analgesics | Reduce or eliminate pain without causing impairment of consciousness or other disturbances of the nervous system. |
|
Antimicrobials | Antibiotics | A substance produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis, which in low concentrations inhibits the growth or destroys microorganisms by intervening in their metabolic processes. |
|
Antimicrobials | Antiseptics | Applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers, and diseased skin surfaces to prevent infection. |
|
Antimicrobials | Disinfectants | Applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage systems, and instruments to eliminate harmful microorganisms. |
|
Antifertility Drugs | such as birth control pills |
|
