Anti-Goals (Robert T. Golembiewski) | Positive Goals (Frank Marini) |
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| Basis | Traditional Public Administration (TPA) | New Public Administration (NPA) |
| Main Objective | Efficiency, rule-following, hierarchy, and control | Social justice, public welfare, and citizen service |
| Approach | Mechanical, bureaucratic | Humanistic, citizen-centered |
| Nature of Administration | Neutral and politically detached | Socially responsive and ethically aware |
| Flexibility | Rigid and process-driven | Flexible and adaptable to situations |
| Value System | Value-neutral | Value-oriented |
Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management:
- Develop a science for each task to replace the old ‘rule-of-thumb’ method, determining the ‘one best way’ and standard output.
- Scientifically select, train, and develop workers, replacing self-selection and self-training.
- The bringing together the ‘science of work’ and ‘the scientifically selected and trained workers’ for best results: This process causes the mental revolution in management and workers.
- Equal division of work and responsibility between management and workers, with management taking on tasks they are better suited for.
| New Public Administration | New Public Management |
| Issues of rationality, methodology are more important | Stronger commitment to market approaches |
| Citizens are viewed as clients | Citizens are viewed as customer |
| Focuses on socio-eco. Development | Focuses on competition and market |
| Goal : Social equity | Goal : Market equity |
| Leads to welfare government | Leads to entrepreneurial govt. |
| Subtle, Incremental shifts towards democratic management practices | More radical |
| Responsiveness: focuses on professional and efficient service delivery | Responsiveness : focuses on empowerment of individual customers to make their own choices |
| Aspect | Minnowbrook I (1968) | Minnowbrook II (1988) |
| Chairman | Dwight Waldo | H. George Frederickson |
| Composition | Narrow : Participants primarily from political science backgrounds. | Wider : Participants from diverse fields including law, economics, planning, policy analysis, policy studies, and urban studies. |
| Mood,Orientation | Contentious, confrontational, radical, and revolutionary. | More civil, practical, pragmatic, less radical, and more respectful to senior professionals. |
| Emphasis | Relevance, values, social equity, change, and client-focus. | Leadership, constitutional and legal perspectives, technology policy, and economic perspectives. |
| Behavioral Science Perspective | Decidedly anti-behavioural. | More perceptive to contributions of social and behavioral sciences to public administration. |
| Social Environment | Marked by strong cynicism towards government, challenging public administration to be pro-active on major social issues. | Growing demand for the retreat of the state, emphasizing governmental cutbacks, privatization, voluntarism, social capacity building, and third-party government. |
