Day 64 | RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing | 90 Days

90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

This is Day 64 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing, We will cover the whole RAS Mains 2025 with this 90-day answer writing program

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GS Answer Writing – Broad Physical Features: Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Deserts | Major Physiographic Divisions of India। Elaboration

The Himalayas, a new folded mountain, resulted from the Eurasian Plate colliding with the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic Era. Sediments from the Tethys Sea between these plates underwent upheavals in various geological periods, forming three successive ranges:

  1. Greater Himalayas (Himadri): Formed during the Eocene Period (about 65 million years ago).
  2. Lesser Himalayas (Himachal): Formed during the Miocene Period (about 45 million years ago).
  3. Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas): Formed during the Pliocene Period (about 1.4 million years ago).

S. No.Western GhatsEastern Ghats
1Runs parallel to the western coast in a north-south direction from the Tapi River to Kanayakumari. Runs in a north-east to south-west direction parallel to the eastern coast from Orissa to the Nilgiri hills.
2Formed by subduction of Arabian basin and tilting of the peninsula → Block MountainGeologically Precambrian fold mountains
3Continuous chains of mountains and can be crossed through passes only.Not continuous and are cut by rivers falling into the Bay of Bengal.
4Nilgiris, Annamalai, Cardamon, PalaniNallamala, Palkonda,, Javadi Hills and the Shevroy-Kalrayan Hills 
5The height ranges from 900-1600 meters; average width is 50 to 80 km. Highest peak – Anaimudi (2695 m)Height is lower than the western ghats, height ranges from 600 to 900 meter; width varying from 100 to 200 km.Highest peak – Jindhagada peak (1690 meters)
6Most of the Peninsular rivers originate from western ghats (Tungabhadra,  Krishna, Godavari )No major river originates from Eastern ghats.
7The soil is highly fertile.The soil is not so fertile here.
8Almost perpendicular to the south-west monsoons coming from the Arabian Sea and causes heavy rainfall in the west coastal plain. Almost parallel to the monsoons coming from the Bay of Bengal and does not cause much rainfall.
9One of the hotspots of biological diversity in the worldLess biodiverse compared to Western Ghats

  • This is one of the oldest and the most stable landmass of India. Delhi ridge in the northwest, (extension of Aravalis), the Rajmahal hills in the east, Gir range in the west and the Cardamom hills in the south constitute the outer extent of the Peninsular plateau. However, an extension of this is also seen in the northeast, in the form of Shillong and Karbi-Anglong plateau.
  • Features: 
    • It covers a total area of about 16 lakh sq km ; irregular triangular shape 
    • Height :  600-900 m 
    • Made up of a series of patland plateaus such as the Hazaribagh plateau, the Palamu plateau, the Ranchi plateau, the Malwa plateau, the Coimbatore  plateau and the Karnataka plateau, etc. 
    • General elevation of the plateau → from the west to the east  ⇒ Flow of rivers along this 
    • Important physiographic features  →  tors, block mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, series of hummocky hills and wall-like quartzite dykes
    • Western and northwestern part  ⇒ presence of black soil. 
    • Undergone recurrent phases of upliftment and submergence accompanied by crustal faulting and fractures. Eg.  Bhima fault 

These spatial variations have brought in elements of diversity in the relief of the Peninsular plateau. 

  • The northwestern part  : complex relief of ravines and gorges. Eg.  ravines of Chambal, Bhind and Morena 
  • On the basis of the prominent relief features, the Peninsular plateau can be divided into three broad groups:
  1. The Deccan Plateau : 
    • This is bordered by the Western Ghats (Sahyadri, Nilgiri hills Anaimalai hills and Cardamom hills) in the west, Eastern Ghats (Javadi hills, the Palconda range, the Nallamala hills etc) in the east and the Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills in the north. 
  2. The Central Highlands
    • It is bordered by the Aravalli Mountains in the west, the Satpura Mountains in the south and the Rajmahal Hills in the east. This part extends till Jaisalmer district where it is covered with longitudinal and arc-shaped (Barkhan) sandy dunes. Chhota Nagpur plateau is the main mineral deposit of this region. Most of the tributaries of Yamuna like Chambal, Betwa, Ken etc. originate from the Vindhyachal and Kaimur ranges of this region.
  3. The North-eastern Plateau.
    • The north eastward movement of the Indian plate caused a fault between Rajmahal hills and Meghalaya plateau, detaching the NE Plateau from the main Peninsular Block.
    • The Meghalaya plateau, divided into the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia Hills, is rich in mineral resources like coal, iron ore, and limestone, and receives heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon, resulting in highly eroded surfaces.

Paper 4 (Comprehension part) –  Elaboration

No man should be condemned unheard

      “No man should be condemned unheard” or that both the sides must be heard before passing any order. A man cannot incur the loss of property or liberty for an offence by a judicial proceeding until he has a fair opportunity of answering the case against him. In many statutes, provisions are made ensuring that a notice is given to a person against whom an order is likely to be passed before a decision is made, but there may be instances where though an authority is vested with the powers to pass such orders which affect the liberty or property of an individual but the statute may not contain a provision for prior hearing. 

A person must be allowed an adequate opportunity to present their case where certain interests and rights may be adversely affected by a decision-maker. To ensure that these rights are respected, the deciding authority must give both the opportunity to prepare and present evidence and to respond to arguments presenting by the opposite side. When conducting an investigation in relation to a complaint it is important that the person being complained against is advised of the allegations in as much detail as possible and given the opportunity to reply to the allegations.

                In the present day, without affording hearing by an unbiased and impartial authority that must act objectively and must also give out his mind, as to what weighed in decision making process, by incorporating reasons to support the decision or, to say so, by giving a speaking order. This is necessary for a society, which is governed by Rule of law. How substantive laws are applied and rights are determined is a question not less important, to say it again, the principles of natural justice are great humanizing principles intended to invest law with fairness to secure justice and to prevent miscarriage of justice. And no man should be condemned unheard.

Day 64 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

Day 64 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

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