- Aryabhatta: wrote “Aryabhatiya” and “Arya-siddhanta “
- Mentions about occurrence of solar and lunar eclipses, declare that the earth was spherical in shape and that it rotates on its own axis..
- knowledge of zero was implicit in Aryabhata’s place-value system, Approximation of π, concept of sine( ardha-jya)
- Brahmagupta :
- “Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta” provides rules for arithmetic manipulations
- Gave concept of Gurutwakarshanm (Gravity)
- “Khandakhadyaka”: covering longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses etc
- Varahamihira composed “Pancha Siddhantika” and “Brihadsamhita”on astrology
- In the field of medicine, Vagbhata was the author of “Ashtangasamgraha” (Summary of the eight branches of medicine).
| Feature | Shruti | Smriti |
| Meaning | “Heard” (divinely revealed knowledge) | “Remembered” (human-composed and passed down) |
| Examples | Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sama, Atharva), Upanishads | Dharmaśāstras (Manusmriti), Itihasas (Ramayana, Mahabharata), Puranas |
| Authority | Supreme and eternal authority in Hinduism | Secondary authority, can be revised or adapted over time |
| Content | Philosophical, spiritual, and ritualistic knowledge | Social laws, ethics, customs, and history |
| Flexibility | Fixed and unchangeable | Dynamic and adaptable to societal changes |
The greatest of the Vijayanagar rulers, Krishna Deva Raya belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. He was a great patron of literature and art and he was known as Andhra Bhoja.
- An accomplished scholar: Krishnadevaraya himself was a polyglot, fluent in Kannada Sanskrit, Telugu and Tamil. himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada. His Sanskrit works include ‘Madalasa Charita’, ‘Satyavadu Parinaya’, ‘Rasamanjari’ and ‘Jambavati Kalyana’.
- Peak of literary achievement : The rule of Krishnadevaraya is known as the golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas. Allasani Peddanna was the greatest and he was called Andhrakavita Pitamaga. His important works include Manucharitam and Harikathasaram. Pingali Suranna and Tenali Ramakrishna were other important scholars.
- Cultural Contribution : He also built the famous Vittalaswami and Hazara Ramaswamy temples at Vijayanagar. He also built a new city called Nagalapuram in memory of his queen Nagaladevi
- Thus, Krishnadeva Raya’s reign, marked by his intellectual brilliance, fostered an era of cultural renaissance in the history of Vijayanagar.
