Day 24 | RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing | 90 Days - RajRAS

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GS Answer Writing – American War of Independence, French Revolution (1789 A.D.) and Industrial Revolution । प्रारूप लेखन

The Industrial Revolution (mid 18th century) brought about significant technological advancements in the textile sector. Some major advancements include:

Flying Shuttle (1733) : by british weaver John Kay → Speedy weaving
Spinning Jenny (1764): Invented by James Hargreaves → allowed for simultaneous spinning of multiple threads, significantly boosting productivity.
Water Frame (1769): Developed by Richard Arkwright → a water-powered spinning machine that produced finer and stronger yarn
Power Loom (1785): Innovated by Edmund Cartwright → automated the weaving process, driven by a steam engine, enhancing efficiency in fabric production.
Cotton Gin (1793): The invention of Eli Whitney, the Cotton Gin mechanized the separation of cotton fibers from seeds, revolutionizing cotton processing.
Steam Engine: Although not exclusive to textiles, the steam engine,, provided a more efficient power source for textile machinery and fueled industrial expansion.
Factory System: integrating machines and labor under one roof, transformed production methods.
Mechanical Combing and Carding Machines
Rotary Printing Press (1785): Invented by Robert Barclay → facilitated mass production of printed fabrics.

These innovations collectively reshaped the textile industry, marking a shift from manual craftsmanship to mechanized, large-scale production methods.

Trick to Remember 👍
First Second floor par WPC ki Jali badi khas hai
(FS WPC → KHACE)F → K (Flying shuttle – KAY)
S → H (Spinny Jenny – HERGREAVES)
W → A (Water frame -> Arkwright)
P→ C (Power loom – Cartwright)
C → E (Cotton gin – Eli Whitney)

Enlightenment thinkers played a vital role in inspiring the values and principles that underpinned the French Revolution.

Montesquieu (1689–1755):

Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of the Laws” proposed the separation of powers as a safeguard against tyranny. → proposed the division of political power into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial ⇒ advocated for a balanced government with checks and balances

Exposed privilege based social system in france

Found that luxurious life of church is responsible for the corruption

Voltaire (1694–1778):

championed freedom of speech and expression, religious tolerance, and the separation of church and state.

His writings, including “Candide,” critiqued oppressive institutions and advocated for individual liberties.

In his “Philosophical Dictionary” (1764) “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Opposed corrupt monarchy and oppressive church

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778):

Contribution: Rousseau’s “The Social Contract” emphasized the legitimacy of government through the general will. His ideas influenced democratic principles and concepts of popular sovereignty.

Quote: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” → Social Inequality

The revolutionary cry of “Liberté, égalité, fraternité” (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) reflects Rousseau’s ideals.

Maximilien Robespierre (1758–1794):

Robespierre believed that civic virtue, a commitment to the common good, was essential for a successful republic and the protection of individual rights. (पर ये भाई साहब तो अंत में गिलोटिन पे उतर आये )

Impact of American revolution:

General Laffayate : Fought in american revolution → Inspired from democratic ideas

Thus, the influence of Enlightenment thinkers, combined with other historical developments, prompted the articulation of individual rights in the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” (1789).

Colonial North America underwent a significant ideological and political shift between 1775 and 1783, culminating in independence from Britain and the establishment of the USA, known as the American War of Independence. The factors contributing to this emergence are as follows:

Economic factors: British policies such as the Navigation Acts (1651), which mandated the use of British ships only, and acts imposing heavy import duties (1673) stifled American industry, along with restrictions on fur hats and copper smelting factories (1732).
Political factors: Policies such as the Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act, Currency Act (1765), and Townshend Acts(1767) (encompassing paper, paint, coin, glass, and tea), fueled discontent among the American colonies.
Mercantile Capitalism: British policies under mercantile capitalism aimed to enrich the mother country by tightly controlling colonial trade(i.e.,Navigation Act-1751, Iron Act, Hat Act).
Home Rule vs. Imperialism: Appointment of Governor, Military cheif etc by british
Nature of American colonies: With their British origin and a high level of political consciousness, the American colonies were aware of democratic values, exemplified by documents like the Virginia Magna Carta.
Role of intellectuals: Figures like Thomas Paine (“Common Sense”), Benjamin Franklin (American Philosophical Society), Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams (Committee of Correspondence), James otis(“No taxation without representation”) and Patrick Henry (“Give me liberty or give me death”) ignited nationalist sentiments through their intellectual contributions.
Lack of affinity for England: Many colonists were either religiously persecuted or criminals deported to the colonies, leading to a lack of emotional attachment to England.
Influence of Enlightenment ideas: which championed concepts such as individual liberty, reason, and natural rights, fostering a spirit of questioning authority and advocating for self-governance among the American colonists.
Policies adopted by King George III: His shortsighted pursuit of autocratic rule further alienated the colonies.
Immediate triggers: Events such as the Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) and the Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773) served as catalysts for resistance

The American War of Independence, driven by economic struggles and Enlightenment values, serves as the model for revolutions worldwide, earning its reputation as the “Mother of All Revolutions” and inspiring freedom movements across the globe.

Paper 4 (Comprehension part) – प्रारूप लेखन

राजस्थान सरकार

ऊर्जा विभाग

अधिसूचना

राजस्थान सरकार केन्द्रीय अधिनियम 1948 की धारा 29 की उपधारा (2) के अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त शक्तियों का उपयोग करते हुए कोटातापीय विद्युतगृह, कोटा में छठी इकाई स्थापित करना चाहती है। अतः एतद् द्वारा सूचित किया जाता है कि यदि कोई भी इस परियोजना के सम्बन्ध में कोई प्रतिवेदन करने का इच्छुक हो तो वह अपना प्रतिवेदन इस अधिसूचना के जारी होने से दो माह की अवधि के अन्दर सचिव, राजस्थान राज्य विद्युत वितरण निगम, विद्युत भवन, विद्युत मार्ग ज्योतिनगर, जयपुर को प्रेषित कर सकता है।

राज्यपाल महोदय की आज्ञा से,

हस्ताक्षर

(हस्ताक्षरकर्ता का नाम)

उपशासन सचिव

ऊर्जा विभाग

क्रमांकः ऊवि/2022-23/96-102 जयपुर, दिनांक: 10 जनवरी, 2023

प्रतिलिपी सूचनार्थः-

सचिव, राज्यपाल महोदय
प्रमुख सचिव, माननीय मुख्यमंत्री महोदय, राजस्थान |
श्रीमान् शासन सचिव, ऊर्जा विभाग, सरकार जयपुर।
समस्त अतिरिक्त मुख्य सचिव / प्रमुख शासन सचिव, शासन सचिव |
अध्यक्ष, राजस्थान ऊर्जा विकास निगम लिमिटेड
समस्त जिला कलक्टर |
आयुक्‍त, सूचना एवं जनसम्पर्क विभाग को व्यापक प्रचार प्रसार हेतु ।
रक्षित पत्रावली

उपशासन सचिव

Day 24 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing