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Primary and secondary responses against pathogens are carried out with the help of B-lymphocytes and Tlymphocytes.
Aspect | B-lymphocytes | T-lymphocytes. |
Origin and maturation | Bone marrow | Bone marrow (for T-cell precursors), thymus (for maturation) |
function | to recognize foreign substances and get attached to them | to remember the antigens and also recognize them andrespond against them |
Antibodies | produce army of protein called antibody include IgA, IgM, IgE ete | help B-lymphocytes to produce antibodies. |
Immune response | Show humoral immune response (HI) : due to presence of antibodies in blood | Show cell mediated immunity (CMI) : Directly attack infected or abnormal cells. The body is able to differentiate ‘self ’ and ‘nonself’ and the cell-mediated immune response isresponsible for the graft rejection. |
Type | 2 type : Plasma cell and memory cell | 3 type: Helper, Killer and Suppressor |
Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy occurs when a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood type carries a baby with Rh-positive blood type(inherited from the father).
- Sensitization: During pregnancy, especially at delivery, the mother’s Rh-negative blood may come into contact with the baby’s Rh-positive blood. The mother’s immune system then produces anti-Rh antibodies.
- Erythroblastosis Fetalis: In subsequent pregnancies, if the mother is carrying another Rh-positive baby, the antibodies produced during sensitization can cross the placenta and attack the baby’s Rh-positive red blood cells.
- Hemolysis: The immune attack leads to hemolysis (destruction) of the baby’s red blood cells, causing severe anemia.
- Effects on the Fetus: The baby may develop symptoms such as jaundice, hydrops fetalis (severe edema), and in extreme cases, stillbirth.
- Prevention: Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is administered to the Rh-negative mother to prevent the formation of antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells, thus preventing Erythroblastosis Fetalis in future pregnancies.
