| Traditional Public Administration Limitations | Behavioral & Human Relations Solutions | Examples |
| Rigid bureaucracy → Strict hierarchy, impersonal rules | Flexible decision-making → Simon’s bounded rationality | Decentralization(Panchayati Raj) |
| Machine-like view of workers → Focused only on efficiency | Social & psychological needs matter → Mayo’s Hawthorne Studies | Teamwork & participative management |
| Only financial motivation (Taylorism) | Intrinsic motivation matters → Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, McGregor’s Theory X & Y | Citizen-centric governance in IAS |
| Assumed fully rational decisions | Bounded rationality → Limited information & cognitive capacity | Nudge Theory in policymaking |
| Ignored informal networks → Focused on formal structures only | Informal organizations matter → Barnard’s cooperation & trust | Disaster relief coordination (Kerala floods, 2018) |
| Neglected employee well-being → Led to dissatisfaction | Employee welfare & leadership → Focus on morale & incentives | Performance-linked incentives in PSUs |
