Day 3 | RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing | 90 Days

We will cover the RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing syllabus in 90 days.

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GS Answer Writing – Concepts of power, authority, legitimacy, responsibility, and delegation, Principles of Organization: Hierarchy, Span of Control, and Unity of Command, Functions of Management, Corporate governance, and social responsibility, संक्षिप्तीकरण

AspectPowerAuthority
DefinitionPower is the capacity of an individual to command the actions and behavior of others despite their resistance.Authority is the legitimate right of an individual to command the behavior of others and seeks their compliance willingly. 
BasisPower is based on force, threats of punishment, bribery, etc. it lacks legitimacy.Authority is based on law. It is, therefore, legitimate power.
CharacteristicThe defining characteristic of power is coercion.The defining characteristic of authority is legitimacy.
PositionSince power is based on coercion, it requires no formal position to be recognized as power.Authority is always attached to a job or functions of a formal position, and hence it is always institutionalized power.

  • V.A. Graicunas proposed a formula to determine the ideal span of control for managers.
  • Graicunas states that as more subordinates report to a manager, their relationships grow exponentially.
  • This is because supervision involves not only individual subordinates but also the various combinations of their interactions.. The total number of all the relationships ⇒ direct single + crosses + direct group. 
  • thus, For example, a manager supervises 6 subordinates, but their relationships grow to 222.

According to Mooney, “Delegation means conferring specified authority from a higher to a lower authority.”

A scheme of delegation has four features (Mohit Bhattacharya):

(i) Assignment of duties by the superior (delegator) to the subordinate (delegatee).

(ii) Granting of authority  by the delegator to the delegatee  to facilitate the assigned work.

(iii) Creating an obligation for the delegatee to fulfill the assigned duties.

(iv) Prohibition of further delegation of the obligation by the delegatee to their subordinates.

Guiding Principles: To ensure effective delegation, the delegator should:

  1. Choose capable subordinates.
  2. Specific and written delegation ensures clarity and accountability.
  3. Delegate substantial assignments rather than trivial tasks.
  4. Delegation should be made to a position, not just an individual, to ensure continuity.
  5. Authority and responsibility should be coterminous and coequal.
  6. Delegation should follow the usual chain of command.
  7. Provide systematic training for delegated responsibilities.
  8. Well defined policies, regulations and procedures should be adopted.
  9. Standardize functional and housekeeping procedures.
  10. An open communication system and systematic reporting

The extent of delegation hinges on the nature of the case, circumstances, and responsibilities involved. . It doesn’t entail transferring final authority or ultimate responsibility. The delegator retains inspection, supervision, control, and review powers.

Barriers to Delegation

Organizational barriersPsychological barriers
Tightly controlled and centralized management systems.Lack of established organizational methods for delegation.Inexperienced and poorly trained employees.Nature of the work or function being managed.Size and location of the organization.From Superiors:Egotism among hierarchical leaders.Fear of subordinates’ decision-making capabilities.Concern over the development of disloyal power centers.Superior’s feelings of insecurity within the organizationFrom Subordinates:Apathy and apprehension about accepting delegated authority.Lack of confidence, knowledge and initiatives 

Paper 4 (Comprehension part) – संक्षिप्तीकरण

   शीर्षक-सत्संग की महत्ता 

सत्संग के बिना वासनाओं से मुक्ति सम्भव नहीं। भगवान के सुयश वर्णन तथा सत्पुरुष-दर्शन से वासनाएँ शुद्ध संकल्प में बदल जाती हैं। प्रभुस्मरण एवं सत्संग रूपी पारसमणि से दुष्ट व्यक्ति भी स्वर्णिम एवं सद्गुणमय बन जाता है, इससे अन्यायी राजा भी दयालु हो जाता है।

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