Day 25 | RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing | 90 Days

90 days answer writing

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GS Answer Writing – Imperialism and Colonialism in Asia and Africa, Impact of World Wars। प्रारूप लेखन

Berlin conference (1884-1885) :

Objective: organized by major European powers of that time to establish guidelines for the acquisition of African territories, aiming to avoid potential rivalries and conflicts.

Participants: The participating countries were Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy. However, there was no African representation.

Impact:

  1. The General Act of Berlin can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa.
  2. The partitioning of Africa into spheres of influence based on the Principle of Effective (De facto) Occupation : it disregarded ethnic, cultural, and linguistic differences, leading to later conflicts.

  1. Industrial Revolution Demands: Increased production and capitalist motives drove nations to seek new markets and raw materials.
  2. Improvements in Transportation: Steamships and railroads facilitated faster trade and exploitation of conquered areas.
  3. Extreme Nationalism: Intense nationalism fueled by pride and power aspirations led to a race for colonies.
  4. ‘Civilizing Mission’ Ideology: The belief in bringing civilization to ‘backward’ peoples justified imperial expansion.
  5. Role of Explorers and Missionaries: Their reports and endeavors paved the way for colonization.
  6. Weak Governance in Asia and Africa: Lack of industrialization and weak governance made these regions vulnerable to European conquest.

World War I, often referred to as the “Great War,” was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918 between central powers vs allied forces

Impact on Global Politics:

  1. Disintegration of Austro-Hungarian Empire
  2. End of Absolute Monarchies: Absolute monarchies in Austria, Germany, Turkey (Ottoman Empire), and Russia came to an end, marking a transformative shift in governance structures.
  3. Strengthening of the Slogan of Self-Determination:
    • The principle of self-determination gained prominence, leading to the growth of democracy in newly formed states such as Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, and Latvia. In Turkey, Kamal Pasha established a republican government.
  4. Rise of New Ideologies:
    • Socialism: The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia marked the rise of socialism.
    • Fascism: Italy, under Mussolini, witnessed the emergence of fascism.
    • Nazism: Germany, under Hitler, saw the rise of Nazism.
    • Militarism: Japan experienced a surge in militarism.
  5. Emergence of the United States and Japan:
    • The United States played a significant role by lending over $10 billion to the allies under the “Liberty Loan Program.”
    • The U.S. military industry thrived, and President Wilson actively participated in peace conferences.
  6. Establishment of the League of Nations (LoN): to foster permanent peace and international cooperation.
    • Simultaneously, the International Labour Organization (ILO) was formed.
  7. Paris Peace Conference and Peace Treaties:
    • Peace treaties, based on Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points, were formulated.
    • Principles included self-government, state reorganization along ethnic lines, and overall disarmament.
    • Treaty of Versailles with Germany: The Treaty of Versailles outlined German land losses, disarmament, war reparations, and the infamous war guilt clause.
    • Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey and Others

The social impact of World War-I was profound and far-reaching, affecting individuals and societies on multiple levels:

  1. Loss and Grief: 
    • The war resulted in a staggering toll of approximately 80 lakh deaths and over 2 crore injuries. The enormity of the human cost left communities grappling with immense sorrow.
  2. Displacement and Migration: 
    • The peace conferences addressed geopolitical issues but failed to provide a permanent solution for minority populations. This lack of resolution led to feelings of separation and uncertainty among displaced communities.
  3. Demographic Change: 
    • The war caused a social crisis, resulting in a population bulge, especially among women and children. However, the reconstruction of Europe created opportunities for women in economic activities, leading to an improvement in their societal position.
  4. End of European Racial Supremacy:
    • The war showcased valor not only among Europeans but also among African, Indian, and Japanese soldiers, challenging the notion of European racial superiority.
  5. Ideological Challenges:
    • Europe grappled with profound questions about its civilization. The book “The Decline of the West” by Oswald Spengler raised queries about the true nature of European civilization.
  6. Rise of Atheism:
    • The war contributed to a rise in atheism and a sense of disillusionment among people. The traumatic experiences led many to question the traditional notions of hope and happiness in life.
  7. War Crimes and Social Immorality: 
  8. The war witnessed unprecedented levels of brutality, giving rise to war crimes. Additionally, the overall atmosphere of conflict led to an increase in social immorality, further challenging pre-war moral standards.

The economic impact of World War-I was profound and multifaceted:

  1. Shattering of World Economy: The war caused an approximate loss of $400 billion, disrupting the global economic landscape.
  2. Development of War Economy: During the conflict, there was a shift to a war economy, marked by a boom in iron and steel sectors, while other industries faced closure.
  3. Destruction of Trade: Disruption in trade patterns led to the practice of purchasing less and selling more. This situation prompted an increase in custom duties.
  4. Change in Trade Pattern: Europe, previously an exporter to Africa and Asia, became an importer from America and Japan. This shift was accompanied by the promotion of laissez-faire ideas.
  5. Severe Debt Crisis in Europe: The war resulted in a significant debt crisis in Europe. To address this, paper currency was expanded, leading to inflation, especially in Germany. Countries like Britain abandoned the gold standard.
  6. Shift in Creditor-Debtor Dynamics: America emerged as the largest creditor, reversing its status from a debtor country.
  7. Rise of Socialist Elements: Socialist elements gained prominence with discussions on labor welfare and the establishment of the International Labour Organization (ILO).
  8. Golden Age for Colonies: The war created opportunities for colonies as capitalists initiated new industries in these regions.

Paper 4 (Comprehension part) –  प्रारूप लेखन

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Day 25 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

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