Missile Technology in India

Missile Technology in India has emerged as a significant aspect of the country’s defense capabilities. In the subject of Technology, India has made remarkable advancements in developing various missile systems to strengthen its strategic and tactical defense. This progress reflects the nation’s commitment to self-reliance and modern warfare preparedness.

Previous year Questions

YearQuestionMarks
2023Write the salient features of the following missiles:
a. QRSAM            b. ASTRA		5M
2021Write the objective of Missiles and Strategic system (MSS). Name the laboratories which comprises MSS cluster.5M

Basics of Missile System

Missile:
  • A missile is a self-propelled, guided weapon system designed to deliver a payload (typically a warhead) to a specific target.
  • Missiles are essentially intelligent, unmanned rockets designed specifically for the military applications. 
  • They are equipped with a guidance system that allows them to adjust their flight path in real-time.
Brief History of Missile Systems
  • Ancient Times:
    • The earliest recorded use of rockets as weapons was in China during the 9th century, where gunpowder-propelled fire arrows were used in battles.
    • Tipu Sultan used iron-cased rockets in the 18th century against the British.
  • Modern Era:
    • World War II (1939–1945): Germany developed the V-2 rocket, the world’s first long-range guided ballistic missile, designed by Wernher von Braun. It could travel faster than sound and laid the foundation for modern missile technology.
    • The Cold War saw advancements like ICBMs and cruise missiles by the USA and USSR.
  • India’s Missile Programme:
    • Led by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, India launched the IGMDP (1983), developing missiles like Agni, Prithvi, Akash, Nag, and Trishul.
    • The BrahMos supersonic missile is a key innovation in collaboration with Russia.
  • Present Day:
    • Modern missiles include hypersonic weapons and AI-based guidance systems.

Components of a Missile System

1. Warhead

  • Definition: The explosive part of the missile that causes damage to the target.
  • Types:
    • Conventional Warhead: Contains high explosives (e.g., TNT) to cause blast damage or fire.
    • Non-Conventional Warhead: Includes:
      • Nuclear Warhead: Uses nuclear reactions for massive destruction.
      • Chemical Warhead: Carries toxic chemicals to harm or kill.
      • Biological Warhead: Designed to carry harmful bacteria or viruses.
Missile Technology in India

2. Propulsion System

  • Provides the thrust needed to propel the missile towards its target, ensuring it achieves the required speed, range, and altitude.
  • Missile Engine: The core component of the propulsion system that provides thrust. It can either be a rocket engine (used in both solid and liquid propulsion) or a jet engine (used in air-breathing missiles like cruise missiles).
    • Engines are based on Newton’s Third Law of Motion.

Feature

Jet Engine (Air-Breathing Engine)

Rocket Engine

Mechanism
  • Intakes air from the atmosphere.
  • Compresses, mixes with fuel, and ignites to generate thrust.
  • Requires atmospheric oxygen for combustion.
  • Carries both fuel and oxidizer internally.
  • Generates thrust through controlled combustion, enabling it to operate in space.

Key Features
  • Highly efficient for subsonic and supersonic speeds.
  • Limited to atmospheric use (cannot operate in space).
  • Independent of atmospheric oxygen.
  • Generates higher thrust but is less efficient compared to jet engines.

Applications
  • Used for cruise missiles, fighter jets, and commercial aircraft.
  • Used for ballistic missiles, space launch vehicles, and high-thrust applications.

Examples
  • Turbojet and Turbofan engines in systems like Nirbhay (India’s subsonic cruise missile).
  • Agni missiles, BrahMos (solid rocket for the first stage).
  • Nozzle: The nozzle is part of the engine that directs the exhaust gases at high speed, creating the force (thrust) that pushes the missile forward. 
Types of Propulsion System
Solid-Fuel Propulsion :

Uses solid propellants where fuel and oxidizer are pre-mixed in a solid form. Commonly employed for quick-response missiles due to its simplicity and high reliability.

  • Advantages:
    • Compact and energy-dense.
    • Produces very high thrust, enabling rapid acceleration.
    • Requires minimal maintenance.
  • Disadvantages: Once ignited, thrust cannot be controlled or stopped.
  • Key Fuel: Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB), Aluminum powder.
  • Applications:
    • Short-to-medium range ballistic missiles.
    • Example: Prithvi, BrahMos, and the PS3 stage of PSLV.
Liquid Propulsion:

Uses liquid fuel and oxidizer stored in separate tanks, mixed in the combustion chamber during flight.

  • Advantages:
    • Thrust can be controlled, started, and stopped.
    • High energy efficiency (specific impulse).
    • Disadvantages:
      • Complex design with fuel storage and pumping mechanisms.
      • Requires more preparation time and handling safety.
  • Key Fuels:
  • Fuel: Hydrazine (N2H4), Liquid Hydrogen (LH2), MMH (Monomethylhydrazine).
  • Oxidizer: Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4), Liquid Oxygen (LOX), MON (Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen).
  • Applications:
    • Long-range missiles and space launch vehicles.
    • Example: Agni series, Akash, Vikas Engine (PS2 stage of PSLV).
Hybrid Propulsion
  • Description: Combines solid and liquid propellants, taking advantage of the simplicity of solid fuel and the control flexibility of liquid fuel.
  • Advantages: Better control over thrust compared to solid propulsion.
  • Disadvantages:Still requires liquid oxidizer storage and handling, adding complexity.
  • Applications:Used for experimental systems and advanced prototypes.
    • Example: BrahMos Hypersonic Cruise Missile prototype.
Cryogenic Propulsion
  • Description: Uses cryogenic fuels like Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) stored at extremely low temperatures.
  • Advantages:
    • Extremely high energy density, allowing for longer ranges and heavier payloads.
    • Essential for advanced space and intercontinental ballistic missile systems.
  • Disadvantages:
    • Requires sophisticated storage and handling due to cryogenic temperatures.
  • Applications:
    • Employed in heavy-lift space missions and long-range ballistic missiles.
    • Example: Agni-V, GSLV Mk III.
Gas Propulsion
  • Description: Uses pressurized gases like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
  • Advantages: Easiest to control, offering excellent throttle ability.
  • Disadvantages: Highly hazardous and difficult to store safely.
  • Applications: Primarily used in controlled environments or auxiliary systems.
Air-Breathing Engines
  • Description: Uses atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizer, significantly reducing the need to carry onboard oxidizers, which makes the missile lighter.
  • Types:
    • Ramjet: Works at supersonic speeds by compressing incoming air before combustion.
    • Scramjet: Operates at hypersonic speeds, where air is compressed and combusted without slowing it to subsonic speeds.
  • Advantages:
    • Extremely fuel-efficient as the missile “breathes” air.
    • Enables hypersonic flight and extended ranges.
  • Disadvantages: Limited to regions with sufficient atmospheric oxygen, unsuitable for space.
  • Applications:
    • Hypersonic missiles and advanced cruise missiles.
    • Example: BrahMos-II, HGV (Hypersonic Glide Vehicle) under development.

3. Guidance and Control System

  • Ensures the missile stays on the right path and hits the target.
  • Types:
    • Inertial Guidance: Uses internal sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers to track the missile’s motion and make course corrections.
    • Satellite Guidance: Uses GPS or other satellite systems to provide exact location and make sure the missile flies accurately.
  • Aerodynamic Features (Control Surfaces):
    • Fins: Stabilize the missile and help keep it on course by adjusting airflow.
    • Jet Vanes: Control the exhaust gases to adjust the missile’s direction, like a rudder on a ship.
    • Thrusters: Tiny engines on the missile that help steer it precisely by changing the direction of the exhaust.

4. Targeting and Navigation

  • Helps the missile identify and hit its target accurately.
  • Advanced Systems:
    • Radar Guidance: Uses radar signals to detect and track the target, guiding the missile toward it. It is especially useful in poor visibility conditions (e.g., fog, night).
    • Infrared (IR) Guidance: Detects the heat from the target (like a vehicle or aircraft).
    • Laser Guidance: Uses a laser to shine light on the target, and the missile follows the reflected light.

5. Warhead Activation

  • The missile detects the target using radar, infrared, or laser systems.
  • Once the target is found, the missile sends a signal to activate the warhead at the right moment, ensuring maximum damage.

Comparison of Propulsion Systems

TypeFuelAdvantagesDisadvantagesExamples
Solid PropulsionHTPB, Aluminum powderCompact, reliable, high thrustThrust cannot be controlledPrithvi, BrahMos
Liquid PropulsionHydrazine, Liquid OxygenThrottle ability, high efficiencyComplex, longer preparationAgni series, Vikas Engine
Hybrid PropulsionSolid + LiquidCombines benefits of solid/liquidStill complex, less mature techBrahMos Hypersonic Prototype
CryogenicLiquid Hydrogen + Liquid OxygenHigh energy density, long rangeCryogenic handling requirementsAgni-V, GSLV Mk III
Air-BreathingAtmospheric Oxygen (Air)Lighter, fuel-efficientLimited to atmospheric regionsBrahMos-II (Scramjet), HGV

Types of Air-Breathing Engine:

  • Ramjets and scramjets are air-breathing propulsion systems designed for high-speed operation. 
  • Rockets are often used to launch vehicles equipped with ramjets or scramjets to the speeds required for their operation, as these engines cannot function at low speeds or in static conditions (e.g., during takeoff).
  • Ramjets and scramjets rely on the missile’s forward motion to compress air and have no rotating parts like fans or turbines, unlike conventional jet engines.
FeatureConventional Jet Engine (e.g., Turbojet/Turbofan)RamjetScramjet
Air CompressionUses rotating compressors and turbinesRelies on missile’s high-speed motionRelies on missile’s extremely high-speed motion
Moving PartsHas compressors, fans, and turbinesNo moving partsNo moving parts
CombustionSubsonic (air is slowed down inside the engine)Subsonic (air is slowed inside engine)Supersonic (air remains supersonic during combustion)
Speed RangeEfficient for subsonic to low supersonic speeds (up to Mach 2-3)Efficient at supersonic speeds (Mach 3–6)Efficient at hypersonic speeds (Mach 6 to 12)
EfficiencyHigh at subsonic and low supersonic speedsHigh at supersonic speedsHigh at hypersonic speeds
Booster RequirementNo booster requiredRequires a booster to reach supersonic speedsRequires a booster to reach hypersonic speeds
ExamplesCommercial jets (e.g., Boeing 747), subsonic cruise missiles (e.g., Nirbhay – Manik Engine )BrahMos missile (supersonic cruise)
Under development (e.g., BrahMos-II, HSTDV)

Classification of Missiles

Based on Trajectory Path 

Cruise Missiles
  • Cruise missiles are guided missiles that fly at low altitudes, maintaining a constant trajectory towards their target. 
  • Key Features:
    • Use jet engines for propulsion and are highly maneuverable.
  • Fly close to the ground to avoid detection (terrain-hugging).
  • Can travel at subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds.
    • Subsonic: Speed < Mach 1 (e.g., Nirbhay, Tomahawk).
    • Supersonic: Speed > Mach 1 (e.g., BrahMos).
    • Hypersonic: Speed > Mach 5 (e.g., BrahMos-II, under development).
  • Types of Engines:
    • Turbojet Engine: Common for subsonic and supersonic cruise missiles.
    • Ramjet Engine: Used for supersonic cruise missiles, such as BrahMos.
    • Scramjet Engine: Under development for hypersonic cruise missiles.
  • Examples:
    • BrahMos (India-Russia, Supersonic, Range: ~450-500 km, Propelled by a Ramjet engine).
    • Tomahawk (USA, Subsonic, Range: ~1,600 km, Propelled by a Turbojet engine).
Ballistic Missiles
  • Definition: These missiles follow a curved (parabolic) trajectory after launch, powered initially by rocket engines and then free-falling during descent.
  • Key Features:
    • Primarily used for long-range strikes, often carrying nuclear or conventional warheads.
    • Travel in three stages: Boost phase, Midcourse phase, and Terminal phase.
    • Divided into Short, Medium, Intermediate, and Intercontinental ranges.
  • Types of Engines:
    • Solid Propellant Rocket Engines: Most common for short to intermediate-range ballistic missiles. 
    • Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines: Used for longer-range missiles (e.g., ICBMs). 
    • Hybrid Engines: Combine solid and liquid propellants.
  • Examples:
    • Agni Series (India, Range: 700 km to 8,000+ km).
    • Minuteman III (USA, ICBM, Range: ~13,000 km).
Missile Technology in India
FeatureCruise MissileBallistic Missile
Flight PathControlled, level flight within the atmosphere.Curved path, enters and exits the atmosphere.
GuidanceGuided throughout its flight (e.g., GPS).Guided during launch, then follows gravity-based trajectory.
Launch PlatformCan be launched from aircraft, ships, submarines, or land.Launched from silos, submarines, or mobile platforms.
PayloadSmaller warheads, often for precision strikes.Larger warheads, including nuclear ones.
RangeShorter range, usually hundreds to a thousand kilometers.Longer range, up to thousands of kilometers.
DetectionEasier to detect due to flying at lower altitudes and slower speeds.Harder to detect early, as it follows a high-altitude trajectory and faster speeds.

Missiles by Launch Mode

  1. Surface-to-Surface Missiles (SSM)
    • Launched from land to land-based targets.
    • Examples: Prithvi, Agni Series (India)
  2. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM)
    • Fired from the ground or sea to destroy enemy aircraft.
    • Examples:
      • Akash: India’s medium-range missile to intercept enemy aircraft at up to 30 km range.
      • Patriot: U.S.-made missile for high-altitude interception of ballistic missiles and aircraft.
      • S-400: Russian air defense system with the ability to engage aircraft, missiles, and UAVs up to 400 km.
  3. Surface-to-Sea Missiles (SSM)
    • Fired from land or surface platforms to target enemy ships at sea.
    • Examples:
      • Harpoon: A U.S. anti-ship missile with a range of about 67 km.
      • BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile, capable of both anti-ship and land-based strikes (up to 300 km range).
  4. Air-to-Air Missiles (AAM)
    • Fired from aircraft to destroy enemy aircraft.
    • Examples:
      • Astra (India), Sidewinder (USA), AMRAAM (USA), MICA (French)
  5. Air-to-Surface Missiles (ASM)
    • Fired from aircraft to attack ground targets such as buildings or military installations.
    • Examples: Nirbhay (India), Harpoon
  6. Sea-to-Sea Missiles
    • Fired from ships to target enemy ships at sea.
    • Examples: Exocet (French-made anti-ship missile) 
  7. Sea-to-Surface Missiles
    • Fired from ships to strike land-based targets.
    • Examples: Sagarika (K-15)
  8. Anti-Tank Missiles
    • Designed to destroy armored vehicles, particularly tanks.
    • Examples: Nag (India), Javelin (U.S.).

Missiles by Range

  1. Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBM)
    • Range < 1,000 km.
    • Primarily used for regional deterrence and quick response strikes.
    • Examples: Prithvi II (350 Km), LORA (Israeli).
  2. Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBM)
    • Range 1,000–3,000 km.
    • Effective for targeting regional threats and strategic sites within the range.
    • Examples:
      • Agni-II (2,000 km)
      • DF-21: China’s MRBM, with a range of up to 2,000 km.
  3. Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM)
    • Range: 3,000–5,500 km. 
    • They are used for strategic strikes on targets located farther than regional threats but still within the continent.
    • Examples:
      • Agni-III: India’s IRBM with a range of around 3,500 km
      • DF-26: China’s IRBM, with a range of 4,000 to 5,500 km.
  4. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)
    • Definition: Range > 5,500 km.
    • Designed for strategic nuclear deterrence, capable of targeting distant continents.
    • Highly accurate and capable of carrying multiple warheads to different targets (MIRVs – Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicles).
    • Examples:
      • Agni-V: India’s ICBM, with a range of over 5,500 km, capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
      • Minuteman III: U.S.-made ICBM with a range of over 13,000 km.
      • RS-28 Sarmat: Russia’s heavy ICBM with a range exceeding 18,000 km.
      • LGM-30: A U.S. ICBM.

By Warhead:

  • Conventional: Explosives used for localized destruction.
  • Strategic: Carry nuclear or chemical warheads for large-scale damage.

Indian Missile Programme

Evolution of Guided Missiles in India

  • Early Rocketry (18th Century)
    • Mysorean Rockets: First iron-cased rockets used in warfare by Tipu Sultan against the British.
  • Post-Independence Era (1958 Onwards)
    • 1958: India formed the Special Weapons Development Team to study guided missile systems.
    • 1970s:
      • Project Devil: Reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 missile.
      • Project Valiant: Develop ICBM (limited success).
  • 1980s – IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)
    • Major Projects:
      • Prithvi: Short-range surface-to-surface missile.
      • Trishul: Short-range surface-to-air missile.
      • Akash: Medium-range surface-to-air missile.
      • Nag: Anti-tank missile.
    • SLV-3: India’s first orbital rocket, leading to the Agni missile program.
  • 1990s and Beyond
    • Agni Missile: Evolved from a technology demonstrator to a full-fledged ballistic missile system.
    • Sagarika: Submarine-launched ballistic missile.
    • BrahMos: Cruise missile.
    • Dhanush: Naval version of Prithvi.
    • Self-reliance: India’s missile program became self-sustaining by the 2000s.
Diplomatic and Technological Challenges
  • MTCR Restrictions: Western countries blocked critical technologies (e.g., gyroscopes, radar components).
  • India’s Response: Developed indigenous alternatives, achieving high self-reliance in missile systems by 2011.
    • India had indigenously developed advanced components such as ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, and micro-navigation systems, marking a significant achievement in missile technology.
  • Current Capabilities
    • Mission Shakti (2019): A successful anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test, demonstrating India’s capability to neutralize satellites in low Earth orbit. → marking India as the fourth country with this advanced capability.
    • Mission Divyastra:  Indigenously developed Agni-5 missile equipped with MIRV technology to deploy multiple warheads.
    • Hypersonic Weapons: Successfully test-fired a hypersonic missile with a range of 1,500 km  in nov. 2024.
    • India’s Successful SFDR-Based Missile Test → India is the first to develop SFDR technology 
Recent other Major Defense Systems :
  • Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM): A third-generation, fire-and-forget ATGM with top-attack and night-operation capabilities.
  • Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS): A man-portable air defense system to neutralize low-altitude aerial threats.
  • Naval Anti-Ship Missile–Short Range (NASM-SR): India’s first indigenous air-launched anti-ship missile system.
  • Helicopter-launched Nag: A third-generation ATGM with all-weather day/night capability.
  • Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM): An all-weather, mobile air-defense system for tactical areas.
  • Astra: A beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile designed for engaging highly maneuverable supersonic aerial targets.
  • Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas: Indigenous multirole fighter aircraft with advanced laser-guided bombs and missiles.
  • Uttam AESAR Radar: Active Electronically Scanned Array radar, adaptable for different types of fighter aircraft.
  • Advanced Electronic Warfare System ‘Shakti’: Developed for the Indian Navy, designed for detecting and jamming enemy radars.
  • Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL): A multiple rocket launching system.
  • Sarvatra Mobile Bridging System: A versatile bridging system used by the Army.
  • Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM): A mobile air-defense system for protecting assets.
  • Weapon Locating Radar ‘Swathi’: A system for pinpointing the location of enemy artillery.
  • AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control): An aircraft-based system developed for early warning and control.

Technological Innovations and their Strategic Impact

  • DRDO’s ASAT missile represents a major breakthrough in space defense, asserting India’s capability in precision strikes on satellites.
  • MPATGM and VSHORADS enhance infantry mobility and offer effective countermeasures against armored threats and aerial attacks in complex battle environments.
  • Tejas and Astra strengthen India’s air superiority and provide an edge in air combat with cutting-edge missile technologies.
  • The Shakti EW system enhances the Indian Navy’s ability to operate in electronic warfare environments, protecting critical naval assets.

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP)

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was launched in 1983 by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the leadership of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Historical Background 

  • 1962: Sino-Indian War → Exposed India’s military weaknesses; China had operational Dong Feng missiles (e.g., DF-1).
  • 1965 & 1971: Indo-Pak Wars →
    • 1965: Pakistan used advanced U.S.-supplied F-86 Sabre jets and Patton tanks.
    • 1971: Despite victory, India recognized Pakistan’s growing ties with China for military tech. 
  • 1974: Pokhran-I Nuclear Test (Project Smiling Buddha) → Proved India’s nuclear ability but highlighted the lack of delivery systems.
  • 1970s-80s: Arms Race →
    • China: Deployed medium-range ballistic missiles like DF-3A, capable of reaching Indian cities.
    • Pakistan: Started developing the Ghauri missile with North Korean and Chinese support.
  • Technology Denial: Post-1974, Western sanctions like MTCR blocked India’s access to missile components (e.g., propulsion tech). This spurred India’s drive for self-reliance.

Objectives of IGMDP

  • Self-reliance: Develop indigenous missile technology.
  • Strategic Deterrence: Strengthen national defense against China & Pakistan.
  • Technological Growth: Advance in propulsion, guidance, and warhead systems.

Missiles Developed Under IGMDP

1. Prithvi Missile

  • Type: Tactical Surface-to-Surface Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBM).
  • The first missile developed under IGMDP.
  • Technology: Its propulsion system is reportedly derived from the Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missile.
  • Variants : Initially, the Prithvi missile was envisioned for the Indian Army, Air Force, and Navy, making it a versatile platform for defense.
  • Replacement Plans: The Prithvi I is slated to be replaced by the more accurate Prahaar missile.
VariantUserRangeFuel TypeKey FeaturesStatus
Prithvi I (SS-150)Indian Army150 km Single-stage, liquid-fueledAccuracy of 10–50 m; primarily tactical battlefield missile with nuclear capability.Inducted in 1994; phased out; upgrading for extended ranges.
Prithvi II (SS-250)Indian Air Force350 km Single-stage, liquid-fueledImproved inertial navigation system; measures to counter anti-ballistic missiles; extended range from 250 km to 350 km.Inducted in 2003; operational under Strategic Forces Command.
Prithvi III (SS-350)
Customized version for naval platforms – Dhanush		Indian Navy350–750 km Two-stage: solid (1st), liquid (2nd)First tested from INS Subhadra; range varies with payload (750 km for 250 kg payload); designed for both land and sea targets.Fully operational since 2004.(Dhanush – 2018)

2. Agni Missile

  • Type: Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM).
  • The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (lGMDP) and tested in 1989. After its success, the Agni missile programme was separated from the GMDP upon realizing its strategic importance.
  • Navigation: INS with improved accuracy (advanced versions use GPS-assisted INS).
  • Warhead: Dual-use (conventional and nuclear payloads up to 1,000 kg).
  • Significance:
    • Provided strategic deterrence against China and Pakistan.
    • Laid the foundation for advanced intercontinental missiles (Agni-III, IV, and V).
Agni Series: Evolution and Upgrades

Missile

Range (km)

Payload

Fuel/Stage

Development 

Agni-I(SRBM)

700–1,200

Single

Single stage solid
  • Began in 1999; first successful test in 2003; deployed by 2007.

Agni-II(MRBM)

2,000–3,500

Single

Two and a half stage solid
  • First tested in 1999; operationalized in 2010.

Agni-III(IRBM)

3,000–5,000

Single

Two stage solid
  • First tested successfully in 2007.

Agni-IV(IRBM)

4,000

Single

Two stage solid
  • Initially tested in 2011.
  • Advanced navigation systems (RINS & MINGS) for pinpoint accuracy 

Agni-V(ICBM)

5,000-5500 km

MIRV (3-4)

Three stage solid
  • First test-fired in 2012; tested extensively since then, including night capabilities.
  • Significance: Fire-and-forget missile; India’s first true ICBM;
  • strengthens India’s nuclear deterrence, particularly against China.
  • India joins the elite ICBM club, alongside the US, Russia, China, France, and the UK.

Agni-P(MRBM)

1,000–2,000

Two stage solid
  • Agni Prime Ballistic Missile was tested for the first time in June 2021.
  • Lighter, more versatile, and equipped to target enemy ships in the Indian Ocean.
  • It is designed to replace older missiles like Agni-I and Agni-II.

Agni-VI(ICBM)

6,000–10,000

MIRV (10+)

Four stage solid
  • Future Induction

Mission Divyastra: Agni-5 Missile with MIRV Technology

  • Range: Over 5,000 km, capable of reaching intercontinental ranges (potentially 5,500 km and beyond).
    • Covers most of Asia, including deep into China, and parts of Europe and Africa.
  • Payload:
    • Can carry 3-4 warheads simultaneously, each independently targetable.
    • Capable of deploying both nuclear and conventional warheads.
  • Canister-Based Launch enhances mobility, rapid deployment, and reduced launch time.
  • Mission Divyastra‘ project was led by a woman scientist Sheena Rani.
What is MIRV Technology?

MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle) technology is an advanced capability enabling a missile to carry and deliver multiple warheads. Each warhead can:

  • Strike different targets.
  • Hit the same target successively for assured destruction.
  • Include decoys to confuse missile defence systems.

Advantages of MIRV-equipped Missiles:

  • Missile Defence Penetration: Multiple warheads with independent trajectories make tracking and interception difficult.
    • Decoy warheads can mislead enemy missile defence systems.
  • Nuclear Deterrence: Agni-5 significantly enhances India’s ability to respond to nuclear threats from China and Pakistan. It ensures a credible second-strike capability, aligning with India’s NFU doctrine.
  • Regional Stability: Balances power dynamics in South Asia, particularly in light of China’s advancements in MIRV technology and Pakistan’s claims about its MIRV-equipped Ababeel missile.
  • Technological Superiority: Positions India among nations like the USA, Russia, China, France, and UK with MIRV technology.
  • Reduced Costs: One missile can replace multiple traditional missiles, reducing logistical and operational burdens.

Challenges and Criticism

  1. Complex Technology: Miniaturisation of warheads and development of independent guidance systems are technologically demanding.
  2. Arms Race Concerns: MIRV technology can potentially escalate tensions, encouraging adversaries to enhance their arsenals.
  3. First-Strike Risk: Arms control advocates argue MIRV systems could incentivise pre-emptive strikes, increasing nuclear risk.

3. Trishul 

  • Type: Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM)
  • Purpose: Designed to intercept low-flying targets → was intended for use against sea-skimming missiles, helicopters, and aircraft in both land and naval roles.
  • Initiation: Began in 1983 under IGMDP to create a short-range surface-to-air missile with a reaction time under 6 seconds.
  • Range: 12 Km
  • Despite several test successes (e.g., successful firing in 2003 and 2004), Trishul faced significant operational shortcomings.
  • By 2003, the missile was reclassified as a technology demonstrator and removed from IGMDP.
  • Technologies and learnings from Trishul contributed to the development of newer systems, including QRSAM (Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile) and VL-SRSAM (Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile).

4. Akash Missile

  • Type: Medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM).
  • Purpose: It is designed to protect against a variety of aerial threats, including fighter jets, cruise missiles, and air-to-surface missiles.
  • First Test Flight: Conducted in 1990
  • Fuel Type: Solid-fueled rocket motor.
  • Range: 27 – 30 km.
  • Speed: Supersonic, reaching Mach 2.5.
  • Altitude: Up to 18 km.
  • Users: Indian Army and Indian Air Force
  • Capabilities:
    • Can engage multiple targets simultaneously.
    • Uses the Rajendra Radar System for target acquisition and tracking.
  • Significance:
    • It provides air defense coverage for an area of 2,000 km².
    • Protected against enemy aircraft and drones.
    • Comparable to the U.S. Patriot system and boosts air defense capabilities.
    • Export: Armenia placed an order for 15 Akash missile systems for an order of ₹6,000 crore.
  • Variants:
    • Akash-1S: Upgraded version with an indigenous seeker.
    • Akash Prime: A newer version with an improved active RF seeker for higher precision, optimized for operations in low-temperature and high-altitude areas.
    • Akash-NG: A next-generation version, which includes enhanced range of 60 Km and improved reaction time
  • Operational Deployment:
    • The Indian Air Force (IAF) deployed Akash-1 squadrons along critical borders, particularly the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Northeast India and Ladakh.
    • The Indian Army deployed the Akash air defense system in response to rising tensions, particularly during the 2020 China-India skirmishes.

5. Nag Missile

  • Type: Third-generation, all-weather anti-tank guided missile (ATGM).
  • Navigation: Imaging infrared (IIR) seeker 
  • Purpose: Fire-and-forget missile for destroying armored vehicles.
  • Range: 4-7 km (depending on platform).
  • Variants:
    • Land-launched Nag: Fired from NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier).
    • Helina: Also known as Dhruvastra, this variant is launched from helicopters (HAL Dhruv) and has a range of 7 km.
    • SANT (Standoff Anti-tank Guided Missile): A fourth-generation upgrade of the HELINA with the extended range of 20 km. It uses millimeter-wave radar seeker for enhanced precision at long distances.
  • Significance:
    • Equivalent to global ATGMs like the U.S. Hellfire missile.
    • Boosted India’s self-reliance in anti-tank warfare technology.
 Impact of IGMDP
  • Prithvi Success (1988): Proved India’s ability to develop short-range tactical missiles.
  • Agni Missile (1989): Gave India long-range strike capability, balancing power with China’s DF-series missiles.
  • Technological Independence: Despite MTCR sanctions, India developed indigenous propulsion systems like those used in Akash.
  • Boost to Defense Industry: Enabled growth of facilities like Hyderabad missile complex (home to the Advanced Systems Laboratory and Research Centre Imarat).
  • Regional Balance: Countered China’s Dong Feng missiles and Pakistan’s Ghauri missiles, ensuring strategic parity.

  Conclusion

  • The IGMDP (1983-2008) was a historic milestone, ensuring India’s self-reliance, strategic deterrence, and technological advancement. From Prithvi to Agni, the program established India as a global missile power, capable of defending against any regional threat.

India’s Missile Arsenal

Strategic  → Ballistic Missiles

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Prahaar
  • Type: Surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile
  • Purpose: Replacing Prithvi-I short-range ballistic missile.
    • Tactical battlefield support for the Indian Army.
    • Non-nuclear, conventional warfare.
  • Range: 150 km (93 miles).
  • Accuracy: Strikes within 10 meters of target.
  • Technology: Solid-fueled for faster deployment (within 2–3 minutes).
  • Advantages over Prithvi: Better acceleration, maneuvering, and reaction time; Fills the gap between Pinaka/Smerch MBRLs and Prithvi missiles.
  • Strategic Use: Counters weapon systems within 40–150 km range (e.g., Pakistan’s Nasr).
  • Variants:
    1. Pragati (Export Variant): Range: 170 km.
    2. Pranash (Enhanced Tactical Variant): Range: 200 km.
      • Export Potential: Outside Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) restrictions.

Pralay
  • Type: Canisterised surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM).
  • Purpose: Tactical battlefield use.
  • Range: 150–500 km.
  • Design: Solid-fuel rocket motor for rapid deployment.
  • Special Features:
    • Follows quasi-ballistic trajectory with mid-air maneuverability [using maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV) to defeat anti-ballistic missile (ABM) interceptors]
    • Conventional warhead: Not restricted by India’s “No First Use” nuclear policy.
    • Designed for targeting radar stations, communication installations, command centers, and airfields.
  • Development Phase: Began in 2015; completed technology testing in 4 years.
  • Deployment Areas: Tactical roles along Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Line of Control (LoC).

Prithvi

Prithvi : Surface-to-surface SRBM

  • Prithvi-I →  Range- 150 km; introduced in 2004; Being withdrawn 
  • Prithvi-II → 250-350 km; introduced in 2003
  • Prithvi-III → 350-600 km;  introduced in 2004
  • Dhanush → 350-750 km; Surface-to-surface anti-ship ballistic missile, introduced in 2018

Agni Series 

Already Discussed 

Surya
  • Agni-VI (Code-named Surya)
  • Type : Surface-to-surface ICBM
  • Current Focus Range: 6000 km
  • Maximum Range (Future): Up to 10,000 km depending on payload
  • Warhead Capability: : Nuclear MIRVs (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Warheads).
  • Geopolitical Impact:
    • Enhances India’s ‘active credible deterrence’ posture against China
    • Counters China’s DF-31A ICBM (11,000 km range).

K Missile
  • K-15 (Sagarika) → Short-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM); Range: 750 km; introduced in 2018
  • K-4 → Medium-range SLBM; Range: 3,500 km; In development
  • K-5 → Intermediate-range SLBM; Range: 5,000 km; In development
  • K-6 → IC SLBM; Range: 8,000 km; In development

Strategic  → Cruise Missiles:

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BrahMos(PJ-10)

Joint Venture: Developed by India’s DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.

Name Origin: Derived from the rivers Brahmaputra (India) and Moskva (Russia).

Type: Supersonic Cruise Missile

Stages: Two-stage missile

  • First Stage: Solid propellant booster engine, accelerating to supersonic speeds.
  • Second Stage: Liquid ramjet that boosts the missile to nearly Mach 3 during the cruise phase.

Key Features:

  • Speed: Supersonic throughout the entire flight, making it difficult to intercept.
  • Range: Initially capped at 290 km due to India’s obligations under the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). After India’s entry into MTCR in June 2016:
    • Range extended to 450 km.
    • Efforts underway to extend the range to 600 km and beyond.
  • Operational Principle: Operates on the “Fire and Forget” principle, enabling it to adopt different flight trajectories to avoid interception.
  • Multiple Platform Configuration: The missile is adaptable for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms.
  • First Supersonic Cruise Missile in Service: BRAHMOS is the world’s first supersonic cruise missile in active service.
  • Indian Air Force: The BrahMos-A is an advanced air-launched variant of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, specifically developed for the Indian Air Force (IAF). 

Export: Recently, India delivered BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines. 

Nirbhay

Nirbhay Missile: India’s Indigenous Subsonic Cruise Missile

Type: Long-range, Two-stage,  subsonic cruise missile

Developer: Developed in India by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), under DRDO.

Key Features:

  • Purpose: Designed for all-weather operations and capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads.
  • Deployment: Currently deployed in limited numbers along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) during the standoff with China.
  • Speed: Subsonic (0.6–0.7 Mach; about 900–1,000 km/h).
  • Range: 1,000–1,500 km.
  • Payload: Capable of carrying 200–300 kg warheads, including conventional and nuclear payloads.

Capabilities:

  • Sea-skimming and low-altitude flight: Designed to fly as low as 50 m to 4 km above ground to avoid radar detection.(e.g., flying at tree-top levels).
  • Can perform multiple maneuvers and loiter around a target before striking.
  • Capable of engaging multiple targets and re-engaging them if needed.
  • High single-shot kill probability (over 90%).
  • Features a radio altimeter for height determination and advanced autopilot technology from UAV systems like Nishant and Rustom.

Variants Under Development:

  • Base Variant: Standard missile powered by Russian NPO Saturn 36MT engine.
  • Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM): Features the indigenously developed Manik engine and enhanced RF seekers.Long-Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM): Extended range (1,500 km) variant for the Indian Navy and Air Force.
  • Anti-Ship Variant: Designed for ship-launched operations, compatible with existing UVLM systems.
  • Submarine-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM): Compact variant for torpedo tubes with a range of 500–800 km.

Strategic Importance:

  • Strategic Roles: Nirbhay, along with Pralay, BrahMos, and Pinaka, will form the Integrated Rocket Force (IRF), distinct from the Strategic Forces Command (SFC).
  • Role in Indian Armed Forces: Will supplement BrahMos missiles by extending range beyond 450 km. 
    • Enhances India’s precision strike capabilities across multiple domains.
    • Nirbhay is currently deployed in limited numbers along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) to bolster defense against China.
  • Indigenous Defense capabilities: The Nirbhay missile underscores India’s growing indigenous defense capabilities, developed outside the constraints of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

Tactical → Anti-tank

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Nag
  • A third-generation, all-weather, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
  • Developed by India under IGMDP by DRDO. 
  • Its primary purpose is to strike and neutralize highly fortified enemy tanks.

Key Features:

  • ‘Fire and Forget’ and ‘Top Attack’ capabilities.
  • Lock-on after launch: The missile can lock on to the target after being fired.
  • Guidance: Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) seeker for target tracking, which enables it to operate effectively in both day and night conditions.
  • Range: 500 meters to 20 km, depending on the variant.

Development and Production:

  • Development began in 1988 under the leadership of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
  • Final trial of the missile took place on 21 October 2020.

Variants:

  1. Land-launched Nag/ProspiNa: 
    • The basic land-based variant of the Nag, primarily used from the Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA).
    • Operational range : 500 meters to 4 kilometers.
    • Nag Mk-2 / NAMICA Mk-2: The next-generation version for the Nag Missile Carrier, featuring improved systems like a jet-vane control system for enhanced maneuverability.
  2. HELINA (Helicopter-launched Nag) or Dhruvastra:
    • It has a range of 7 km.
    • HELINA is expected to be deployed on helicopters like the HAL Rudra and HAL Prachand
    • It will offer the Indian Army significant standoff capability against armored targets, especially in challenging terrains like Ladakh.
  3. MPATGM (Man-Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile): A portable version of the Nag missile for use by infantry soldiers, offering fire-and-forget capabilities. 
    • It has an expected range of up to 2.5 km.
  4. SANT (Standoff Anti-Tank Guided Missile): further upgraded version of HELINA
    • The development of a fourth-generation Stand-off Anti-Tank Guided Missile (SANT) for long-distance airborne anti-armor roles is ongoing.
    • The missile has an enhanced range of 15-20 km 
    • It uses a combination of electro-optical thermal imager and a millimeter-wave active radar homing (MMW) seeker.

Amogha Series
Amogha series of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs):

Amogha-I

  • Type: Second-generation guided Air-launched ATGM.Range: 2.5 to 2.8 km.Development: Developed by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)Targeting: The missile uses thermal intelligent vision to attack its target.

Amogha-II

  • Air-launched ATGM

Amogha-III

  • Type: Third-generation man-portable ATGM.Launch Date: Unveiled on 7 February 2020 at Defexpo 2020.Operational Range: 200 m to 2.5 kmWarhead: Features an anti-armour tandem warhead capable of penetrating up to 650 mm beyond Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA).Testing: Successfully tested on 26 March 2023, meeting all mission objectives. 

Further Developments:

  • The Amogha missile series is planned to be adapted for use on platforms like the HAL Rudra and HAL Prachand helicopters.

SAMHO

SAMHO (Semi-Active Mission Homing) ATGM

  • Developed by: DRDO (Armament Research and Development Establishment – ARDE)
  • Platform: Designed for Arjun tanks; to be made compatible with T-90 tanks.
  • Targets: Effective against tanks and low-flying attack helicopters.
  • Range: 5 Km

Development Timeline:

  • Announced: 2014 under the Cannon Launched Missile Development Programme (CLMDP).
  • Trials Complete: As of 2 February 2024, all trials completed; missile ready for production.

MPATGM
Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) System

Developed by : DRDO

  • Key Features
  • Launcher: Portable and designed for ease of use by individual soldiers.
  • Range: Effective range of 200 meters to 2.5 kilometers.

Technological Advancements:

  • Dual-Mode Seeker: Combines infrared imaging (IIR) and visible light for enhanced targeting during day and night operations.
  • Fire-and-Forget Capability.
  • All-Weather Operation.

Significance for Indian Defense

  • Self-Reliance in Defense Technology: MPATGM reflects India’s push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in defense manufacturing.
  • Strengthened Infantry Capabilities: Provides infantry soldiers with a portable, reliable, and lethal anti-tank weapon system.
  • Export Potential.

Warhead Flight Trials: Conducted at Pokhran Field Firing Range, Rajasthan, on April 13, 2024.Once final evaluations are completed, the MPATGM is expected to be inducted into the Indian Army, enhancing its anti-tank warfare capabilities.

Tactical →Anti-ship

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Naval Anti-ship Missile
  • NASM-SR (Naval Anti-Ship Missile–Short Range):
  • Developed by: DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) for the Indian Navy.
  • Manufacturer: Adani Defence & Aerospace.
  • Purpose: First indigenous air-launched anti-ship missile for the Indian Navy, designed to replace the Sea Eagle missile.
  • Range: 55 km.

Naval Anti-Ship Missile–Medium Range (NASM-MR):

  • Purpose: Designed for use against small to medium-sized warships (frigates, corvettes, destroyers).
  • Variants: 
    • Air-Launched Variant: → Range: 290 km (180 mi).
    • Ship-Launched Variant: → Range: 350 km (220 mi).
    • Submarine-Launched Variant: → Range: >100 km (62 mi).
  • Significance: India is developing the indigenous NASM-MR missile to strengthen its capabilities in the Indian Ocean, aiming to bridge the gap with the PLA Navy.

MRSAM Test (March 2024): The Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) was successfully tested from INS Visakhapatnam, confirming its ability to intercept anti-ship missiles.

BrahMos

BrahMos

  • The Indian Navy has been using the BrahMos missile since 2005.
  • The BrahMos-ER will now become the Navy’s primary surface-to-surface missile, replacing older systems with its enhanced range and advanced features.

BrahMos-ER

  • The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) recently approved a ₹19,000-crore deal for the acquisition of 200 BrahMos Extended Range (ER) supersonic cruise missiles for the Indian Navy. 
  • Extended Range and Speed: 800-900 km, compared to the original version’s 290 km range.
  • Trajectory and Altitude: The missile can cruise at an altitude of up to 15 km and drop as low as 10 meters for stealth and precision.
  • Alignment with MTCR Norms: Post India’s accession to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) in 2016, the missile’s range has been incrementally extended without violating international agreements.
    Next-Generation Development:  The upcoming BrahMos-NG (Next-Gen) version is expected to include an indigenous ramjet engine and further boost localization efforts.

SMART
SMART (Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo)
  • Developed by: DRDO for the Indian Navy.
  • Type: Canister-based, long-range supersonic anti-submarine missile.
  • Hybrid System: Supersonic missile carrier + lightweight torpedo.
  • Purpose: Quick-reaction system for launching torpedoes from a standoff distance in anti-submarine warfare (ASW).

Recent Trials:

  • 1 May 2024: → Successful third trial conducted at Integrated Test Range, Balasore, Odisha.

Strategic Objective: Counter increasing submarine deployments in the Indian Ocean Region, particularly by the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).

LRAShM
Long Range – Anti-Ship Missile (LRAShM)
  • LRAShM is a cutting-edge hypersonic missile developed by DRDO. 
  • Type: Hypersonic missile with a range of over 1,500 km. (Anti-ship variant)
  • It is designed to neutralize sea- and land-based threats.
  • Strategic Necessity: A long-range conventionally armed missile (over 1,500 km range) was deemed essential to counter threats in the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea, as well as from across the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
  • Propulsion: Two stages powered by solid rocket propellants:

Testing and Progress

  • First test suspected in October 2023.
  • Confirmed test on November 16, 2024, from Abdul Kalam Island validated high accuracy and advanced maneuverability.

Strategic Significance

  • A step toward high-speed maneuvering missile systems.
  • Counters evolving missile defense systems, particularly China’s mid-course defense capabilities, by leveraging hypersonic payloads for assured deterrence.

Tactical → Air-to-air

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Astra
  • Astra (Sanskrit: “Weapon”) is India’s all-weather, beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile (BVRAAM) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). 

Key Features:

  • Speed: Up to Mach 4.5.
  • Operational Altitude: Maximum of 20 km (66,000 ft).
  • Designed to target and destroy supersonic aerial threats with precision.

Variants:

  • Astra Mk-1:
    • Range: 80-110 km
    • Status: Successfully inducted into both the IAF and Indian Navy.
    • Platforms: Integrated with Su-30MKI, LCA Tejas, and MiG-29K (Naval).
  • Astra Mk-2:
    • Enhanced range of over 140 km.
    • Integrates advanced Indian-designed technology, such as seekers and propulsion systems, reducing foreign dependency.
    • Developmental trials set to conclude by 2026.

Planned Variants:

  • Astra Mk-3:
    • Based on Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) propulsion.
    • Designed to intercept targets at extended ranges with superior speed and efficiency.
  • Surface-to-Air Versions (VL-SRSAM): Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile
    • Derived from Astra for shipborne and land-based air defense.

Strategic Importance

  • Enhanced Combat Capability: Provides IAF fighter jets with the ability to engage enemy aircraft beyond visual range while maintaining a safe distance from adversary defenses.
  • Indigenous Defense Push:
    • Reduces dependency on imported air-to-air missiles like the AIM-120 AMRAAM or MBDA Meteor, aligning with India’s Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiative.
  • Dual Service Utility: Equips both the IAF and the Indian Navy.
  • Export Potential: Countries like Brazil and Armenia have shown interest.

SFDR-Based Missile Test
India’s Successful SFDR-Based Missile Test: A Major Technological Leap (Nov.24)
  • Missile: Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) propulsion-based system
  • Speed: Achieved Mach 3 speed (3x the speed of sound)

Key Features of SFDR Missile:

  • Innovative Propulsion: Solid fuelled air-breathing ramjet engine.
  • Distance Capability: Potential for long-range air-to-air missiles targeting fast-moving aerial targets over 300 km at supersonic speeds
  • Developed by: DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
  • Technology Status: India becomes the first country to develop SFDR technology
  • India’s Advancements: The SFDR missile is ready for induction, signaling a leap in India’s defense capabilities with cutting-edge technologies now in play.

Additional Notable Achievements:

  • Long-Range Hypersonic Missile Test (Nov 16):
    • Successfully test-fired a hypersonic missile with a range of 1,500 km, marking a significant milestone in missile development.
  • K-4 Submarine-Launched Missile (Nov 27):

K-4 missile (3,500 km range) successfully flight-tested from the INS Arighaat submarine, further strengthening India’s deterrence capabilities.

Rudram

Rudram is a series of supersonic and hypersonic air-to-surface ground attack and anti-radiation missiles being developed by DRDO to target enemy surveillance radars, communication stations, and bunkers.

Key Features

  • Types: Rudram-1 (anti-radiation) and Rudram-2 (hypersonic).
  • Range: 100-250 km for Rudram-1, and up to 300 km for Rudram-2.
  • Speed:  0.6 to 2 Mach  for Rudram-1, and 5.5 Mach for Rudram-2.
  • Capability: Lock-On-Before/After Launch, can target radar systems over 100 km.

Trials and Testing:

  • Rudram-1:
    • The missile underwent flight trials starting in 2016, with successful test firings from Sukhoi Su-30MKI in 2020 and a range of over 100 km.
  • Rudram-2:
    • A hypersonic variant, Rudram-2 offers a range of 300 km and features an additional Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker.

Future Development

  • Rudram-3: Development of a ground-based version with 550 km range.

Strategic Impact

  • The Rudram missile enhances IAF’s capability to neutralize integrated air-defence systems and radar stations, providing a major boost to India’s anti-radiation warfare capabilities.

Tactical → Surface-to-Air

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VSHORAD
Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS)
  • Type: Fourth-generation, man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS).
  • Developed by: DRDO’s Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad.
  • Purpose: Designed for anti-aircraft warfare, neutralizing low-altitude aerial threats.
  • Range : upto 6 Km

History:

  • 2010: Ministry of Defence (MoD) initiates VSHORAD program with ₹27,000 crore estimated value.
  • 2015-2018: As procurement efforts stalled, India considered an indigenous solution.
    • By 2018, Russia’s Igla-S emerges as lowest bidder for $3 billion → India ordering 5,175 missiles and associated equipment.
  • 2023:   MoD grants Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the IR Homing missile variant of the DRDO VSHORAD, marking a significant step forward for the indigenous system’s development.

Key Features of VSHORADS:

  • Indigenous Design: Developed entirely by DRDO and Indian partners.
  • Low Altitude Defence: Effective against threats like drones, helicopters, and aircraft flying at low altitudes.
  • Variants: Includes man-portable, tripod-based, and vehicle-mounted options.
  • Technological Innovation: Incorporates infrared homing and laser beam riding technology for high accuracy.

Trishul
  • Type: Low-level, quick-reaction, short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM)
  • Developer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India
  • Programme: Part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)
  • Primary Role:
    • Counter low-flying missiles, attack helicopters, and aircraft.
    • Anti-sea skimmer role against low-flying threats for naval defense.
  • Specifications:
    • Range: 300 m to 9 km (enhanced variant: 11 km for the Indian Air Force).
    • Speed: Supersonic.
    • Guidance: Command to line-of-sight with low-altitude radio altimeter.
  • Closure: Officially terminated in 2008 after completing the Technology Demonstration phase.

Despite its failure to achieve operational deployment, Trishul contributed significantly to DRDO’s technological expertise:

  • Spin-offs: Learnings from Trishul were utilized in the development of newer systems, such as:
    • QRSAM (Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile).
    • VL-SRSAM (Vertical Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile).

Akash 

Covered in IGMDP

QRSAM
The Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM) 
  • Purpose: Designed to protect moving armored columns from aerial threats.
  • Mobility: Mounted on an 8×8 truck, ensuring high mobility.

 Missile Features: 

  • Single-stage, solid-propelled missile.
  • Fully automated Command and Control System.
  • Two active array radars:
    • Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR) and Battery Multi-function Radar (BMFR).
    • Both radars provide 360-degree coverage with search-and-track-on-move capabilities.
  • Jamming Resistance.
  • Targeting Capability:
    • Range: Up to 30 km.
    • Altitude: Up to 10 km.
    • Can engage 6 targets simultaneously with each launcher carrying 6 missiles.
    • Effective against high-speed aerial targets with low radar signatures and maneuvering capabilities.
  • Indigenization: 90% indigenous components, with plans to reach 99%.

Significance

  • Force Multiplier: Capable of engaging threats at short notice. It Compliments the medium-range Akash missile system.
  • Automation: Command, control, target acquisition, and fire control are fully automated.
  • Radar Integration: Enables target tracking and engagement while the system is in motion.
  • Indigenous Development: Developed by DRDO in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited and Bharat Dynamics Limited, the QRSAM is a highly indigenized system.

VL-SRSAM

The Vertical Launch – Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM) is a quick-reaction surface-to-air missile developed by DRDO for the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. 

Development

  • A collaborative effort involving: DRDL, RCI, and Research & Development Establishment (Engineers).
  • Superseded the cancelled Maitri missile project (a DRDO-MBDA collaboration).

Key Features

  • Missile Characteristics:
    • Designed for area and point-defense roles.
    • Neutralizes threats such as fighter aircraft and sea-skimming anti-ship missiles.
    • Offers 360° interception capability, neutralizing threats from all directions.
    • Effective range extended from 40 km to 80 km.
      • Developed as a medium-range air defence system, contrary to its original short-range design.
  • Launch Capabilities: Lock-on Before Launch (LOBL) and Lock-on After Launch (LOAL).
  • Vertical Launch System (VLS): Can hold up to 40 missiles in a twin quad-pack canister configuration (8 missiles per canister).
  • Users: Indian Navy (replacement for Barak 1) and Indian Air Force (as a short-range air defence system for frontline airbases).
  • Recent Tests (2024) →September 2024: Follow-up user trial successfully intercepted a high-speed sea-skimming aerial target.

Significance

  • Versatility: Enhances India’s area and point defense capabilities for naval and air platforms.
  • Advanced Features → Integration of active radar homing, thrust vector control, and 360° coverage makes it a sophisticated defence system.
  • Indigenous Development: With an estimated 90% indigenous components, VL-SRSAM showcases India’s progress in defense self-reliance.
  • Enhanced Defence Capability:
    • Complements the Akash system for land-based defence.
    • Replaces older Barak 1 missiles for naval platforms.

SAMAR
SAMAR: Surface-to-Air Missile for Assured Retaliation
  • Type: Short-range, quick-reaction surface-to-air missile system.

Key Features

  • Missile Reconditioning:
    • Older air-to-air missiles reprogrammed for surface-to-air use.
    • Targeted for low-altitude aerial threats like fighter planes, helicopters, and UAVs.
  • Operational Range:
    • SAMAR-1: 12 km.
    • SAMAR-2 (under development): 30 km (to be tested).
  • Speed: Operates in Mach 2 to Mach 2.5 range.

Future Plan: Convert a larger stockpile of Soviet-era missiles into surface-to-air systems.

Trials and Exercises

  • Exercise Tarang Shakti (Aug 2024): SAMAR-1 showcased.

Barak 8
Barak 8: Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System
  • Name: Barak 8 (Hebrew: “Lightning”), also known as LR-SAM, MR-SAM, or Barak MX.
  • Purpose: Designed to defend against various airborne threats, including:
    • Aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, and supersonic missiles.
  • Variants: Maritime and land-based systems.
  • Developers: Jointly developed by India’s DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

Key Features

  • Maximum range: Initially 70 km, extended to 100 km (Barak-8), and further extended to 150 km (Barak-8ER).
  • Speed: Maximum of Mach 2.

Variants

  1. Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MR-SAM):
    • Land-based system for the Indian Air Force and Army.
    • Range: 70 km.
    • Equipped with advanced RF seekers and mobile launchers.
  2. Long Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LR-SAM):
    • Ship-launched variant for the Indian Navy.
    • Range: 100 km.
    • Features advanced phased-array radars and RF seekers.
  3. Barak-8ER (Extended Range):
    • Range: 150 km.
    • Retains guidance systems of the base Barak-8 with enhanced range.

Significance

  • Comprehensive Air Defence: Protects against saturation attacks and multiple simultaneous threats.
  • Indo-Israeli Collaboration: Highlights advanced defense cooperation between the two nations.
  • Indigenous Development: More than 70% components made in India, boosting self-reliance.
  • Multi-Role Capability: Deployed for both land and sea-based operations with flexibility to engage diverse targets.

LR-SAM
Project Kusha: Extended Range Air Defence System (ERADS)

Objective:

  • Develop a transportable, long-range surface-to-air missile system (LR-SAM)  to enhance India’s air defense capabilities.
  • Expected deployment: 2028–2029 by the Indian Air Force (IAF) and Indian Navy.
  • It seeks to establish a formidable 3 layered defense system.
  • Jointly developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) with Israel Aerospace Industries

Key Features

  • Missile Interceptors:
    • Three types with ranges of 150 km, 250 km, and 350 km.
    • Targets:
      • Cruise missiles, stealth jets, and drones (~250 km).
      • AEW&CS and larger aircraft (~350 km).
      • Potential BMD (Ballistic Missile Defence) capabilities.
  • Advanced Radar Systems:
    • Long-range surveillance and fire control radars.
    • Integrated with IAF’s IACCS for efficient, automated air defense.
  • Naval Variant:
    • Intercepts ASBM (Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles) at speeds of Mach 7.
  • 2025: Testing of missiles expected to start.

Strategic Importance

  • Supplements:
    • Barak-8, S-400, and Indian Ballistic Missile Defence System.
    • Bridges gap between MR-SAM (80 km) and S-400 (400 km).
  • Enhances air defense against modern aerial threats, ensuring multi-layered defense.
  • Rival the effectiveness of Russia’s S-400 and Israel’s Iron Dome systems.

Indian Missile Defence Systems

What are Missile Defence Systems?

  • Systems designed to detect, track, intercept, and destroy incoming missiles (ballistic, cruise, or air-launched) before they reach their targets.

Importance:

  • Protection of vital assets (military bases, cities, etc.)
  • Safeguarding sovereignty against nuclear or conventional missile threats.
  • Enhancing strategic defense capabilities.

1. Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Programme:

  • Purpose: To develop a multi-layered ballistic missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks.

Initiation: 

  • Launched in 2000 after the Kargil War by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government.
  • Initiated in response to ballistic missile threats from Pakistan and China.
  • 2002: Development accelerated after India’s request to acquire Israeli Arrow-2 missiles was vetoed by Washington.
Systems involved: 
  • Numerous public and private sector entities, including Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), and Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).
  • Multi-layered Structure: India’s BMD system consists of two main tiers:
    • Endo-atmospheric Layer (Inside Earth’s Atmosphere):
      • Intercepts missiles at altitudes below 40 km.
      • Developed with the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) interceptor missile.
      • Ashwin Interceptor: An updated version of the AAD system.
    • Exo-atmospheric Layer (Outside Earth’s Atmosphere):
      • Intercepts missiles at altitudes of 50-150 km.
      • Developed with the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) interceptor missile.
  • Swordfish LRTR:
    • Target acquisition and fire control radar with a range of 1,500 km.
    • Super Swordfish: Advanced radar system capable of detecting targets at extended ranges.
  • Tests and Achievements
    • 2006: India successfully tested the PAD system, intercepting a target missile at 50 km altitude.
    • 2007: First successful endo-atmospheric interception by the AAD system.
    • 2019: India conducted the first anti-satellite (ASAT) test, showcasing its missile defense and interception capabilities.
  • Phase I and II Deployment
    • Phase I Completion:
      • Complete by April 2019, capable of protecting key cities like New Delhi and Mumbai.
      • Defensive Range: Up to 2,500 km for ballistic missiles.
      • System capable of 99.8% hit probability when missiles operate in tandem.
    • Phase II (Current Development):
      • Range: 5,000 km+.
      • Capabilities: Interception of IRBMs (Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles) and ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles).
      • Hypersonic Missiles: Development of AD-1 and AD-2 for intercepting hypersonic missiles (above Mach 5).
      • Tested: Successful tests of AD-1 in November 2022 and July 2024.
  • Strategic Importance
    • Provides a layered defense against threats from Pakistan and China.
    • Complements existing systems like S-400, Barak-8, and Akash.
    • Enhances India’s deterrence and response capabilities in case of nuclear or missile attacks.
    • Geopolitical Edge: Aligns India with elite countries like the US, Russia, and China, which possess advanced BMD systems.
  • Export and Cooperation
    • Armenia: Purchased 15 AAD systems and Akash Air Defence Systems from Bharat Dynamics Limited in December 2023 as part of a government-to-government agreement worth ₹5,000 crore to ₹6,000 crore.
  • Recent Developments:
    • In November 2024, India successfully flight-tested its first long-range hypersonic missile, marking a significant advancement in its missile capabilities. 
    • In September 2024, India successfully launched the intermediate-range ballistic missile Agni 4, demonstrating its capability to defend against hostile missiles with a range of up to 5,000 km
  • Future Developments
    • Phase II BMD System:
      • Will target missiles with ranges exceeding 5000 km.
      • Designed to counter ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles).
    • Hypersonic Missile Defence:
      • Plans to develop capabilities to counter hypersonic threats.
    • Integration with Space Capabilities:
      • Leveraging satellite-based early warning systems for faster detection.
    • Laser-Based Weapons: 
      • DRDO is planning a laser weapon system to intercept missiles in their boost phase, expected to be operational in the next 10–15 years.
    • Cruise Missile Defence
      • India is also developing an advanced cruise missile defence system under the AAD program, focused on defending against low-flying, nuclear-capable cruise missiles.
Global Missile Defence Systems
  • THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defence):
    • U.S.-developed missile defence system designed to intercept short, medium, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles during their terminal phase of flight.
  • Iron Dome:
    • Israeli-developed system designed to intercept and destroy short-range threats, primarily rockets and artillery shells.
  • Patriot Systems:
    • U.S.-developed system for air defence against tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft.
    • Used widely by NATO countries and allied forces.
  • Recent Developments:
    • Israel activated its David’s Sling missile system for the first time, adding a new layer to its multi-tiered missile defence strategy.

2. Akash Air Defence System

  • Type: Medium-range surface-to-air missile system.
  • Purpose: Defend against aerial threats, including fighter aircraft, cruise missiles, and UAVs.
  • Range: Up to 30 km, Altitude: Up to 18 km.

3. Barak Missile System

  • Barak-1: Short-range surface-to-air missile for naval platforms.
  • Barak-8 (LR-SAM): Long-range surface-to-air missile with a range of 70–100 km.

4. MR-SAM (Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile)

  • Purpose: Defense against aircraft, UAVs, and missiles.
  • Development: Jointly developed by DRDO and Israel Aerospace Industries.
  • Specifications: Range: 70 km.

5. Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM)

  • Purpose: Provide mobile air defense for Indian armed forces against low-altitude aerial threats.
  • Key Features:
    • Range: 25–30 km.
    • Can engage multiple targets simultaneously.
    • Designed for quick deployment and response.

6. S-400 Triumf (Russian System)

  • Purpose: Long-range air defense system procured from Russia.
  • Specifications:
    • Range: Up to 400 km.
    • Capable of intercepting ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and advanced stealth aircraft.
  • Deployment: Strengthens India’s multi-layered air defense.
S-400 Triumf

The S-400 Triumf is a highly advanced long-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by Russia.

Overview:

  • Developed by: Russia’s Almaz Central Design Bureau.
  • NATO Name: SA-21 Growler.
  • Purpose: Engage a variety of aerial targets (aircraft, UAVs, ballistic missiles).

Key Features:

  • Range: The S-400 can target aerial threats at distances up to 400 km and can engage multiple targets simultaneously (up to 36 targets) using four different types of missiles.
    • Missile Ranges: 40 km, 120 km, 250 km, and up to 400 km.
  • Max Interception Altitude: 30 km.
  • Radar & Target Detection:
    • Long-range surveillance radar detects threats.
    • Sends data to command vehicle for target identification and missile launch orders.

Working:

  • Detection: The system detects incoming aerial threats within the defense “bubble.”
  • Tracking: It calculates the trajectory of the threat.
  • Counteraction: Fires missiles to intercept and neutralize the target.

Strategic Significance for India:

  • Enhanced Air Defense: Protects critical infrastructure, cities, and airbases.
  • Ballistic Missile Defense: Intercepts threats up to 400 km range.
  • Strategic Autonomy: Strengthens India’s self-reliance in air defense.
  • Regional Deterrence: Protects against aerial threats from Pakistan and China.

India’s S-400 Acquisition:

  • Contract Signed: October 2018.
  • Deal Value: $5.43 billion for five regiments.
  • Deployment: Expected to be fully operational by 2025.

Challenges:

  • Sanctions Risk (CAATSA): Risk of U.S. sanctions for purchasing from Russia.
  • Integration: Needs seamless integration with India’s existing defense systems.
  • High Cost: $5.43 billion for the deal.

7. Spyder Missile System

  • Developed By: Rafael Advanced Defense Systems (Israel).
  • Type: Short and medium-range air defense system.
  • Features: Range: 15–35 km.
    • Protects against UAVs, helicopters, and precision-guided munitions.

8. Nag Missile System (Helina and Dhruvastra Variants)

  • Type: Anti-tank guided missile, also deployed as part of helicopter-launched systems.
  • Key Features:
    • Fire-and-forget capability.
    • Range: 7–10 km.
  • Purpose: Ground and airborne precision strikes against armored targets.

9. India’s Hypersonic and Advanced Defence Systems

  • Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs):
    • India is exploring hypersonic technology for faster and evasive missile delivery systems.
  • Advanced Defence Interceptor Missiles:
    • New systems are being developed with a focus on kinetic energy interceptors and laser-based technologies.

10. Missile Defence Integration

  • Command and Control Systems:
    • Seamless integration with radars, sensors, and communication systems for real-time threat analysis and interception.
  • Key Radar Systems:
    • Swordfish Radar: Long-range tracking radar part of India’s BMD program.

11. Indian Navy’s Missile Defence

  • Naval ships are equipped with advanced missile defense systems like Barak-8, BrahMos, and LR-SAM.
  • Integration of ballistic missile defense capabilities with naval assets for protecting strategic sea zones.

12. Anti-Drone Technology

  • DRDO and private companies have developed anti-drone systems to counter threats from UAVs.
  • Features:
    • Detection through radar and electro-optical systems.
    • Jamming and neutralization of drones using directed energy weapons (DEWs).

13. Future Developments

  • DRDO’s XRSAM (Extended Range Surface-to-Air Missile):
    • Designed to bridge the gap between Akash and S-400 systems.
    • Expected Range: 250 km.
  • Indigenous Laser Weapons:
    • Development of directed energy weapons to counter hypersonic threats.
Other related Indian missile programmes

Shaurya Missile 

  • Type: Canister-launched surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile
  • Developed by: DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
  • Range: 700 to 1,900 km (430 to 1,180 mi)
  • Purpose: For use by Indian Armed Forces
  • Recent Test: On 3 October 2020, an advanced version was successfully test-fired with an 800 km range from Balasore.

Hypersonic Missile Development in India

HSTDV (Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle)
  • Purpose: Unmanned scramjet aircraft for hypersonic flight and potential carrier for hypersonic cruise missiles.
  • Primary Use: Development of hypersonic missiles and launching small satellites at low cost.
  • Designer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
  • First Flight: 12 June 2019.
  • Development & Design:
    • Goal: To achieve autonomous scramjet flight, aiming for Mach 6 speed at 32.5 km altitude.
    • Technology: Powered by a scramjet engine; utilizes solid rocket boosters for launch.
  • Key Features:
    • Dual-use Technology: Potential for satellite launches and future long-range missiles.
    • Scramjet Engine Testing: Self-sufficiency in engine development after overcoming material challenges.
  • Testing Phases:
    • 2020 Test: Successful scramjet engine performance at Mach 5.9 (2 km/s).
  • Notable Developments:
    • Advanced Hypersonic Wind Tunnel (HWT).
    • International Assistance: Israel provided wind tunnel testing; Russia helped with scramjet propulsion technologies.
  • Future Prospects:
    • Strategic Impact: Development of hypersonic cruise missiles for future defense capabilities.
    • Cost-effective Satellite Launches: Potential for launching small satellites at lower costs.
    • Global Leadership: India positioning itself as a key player in the global hypersonic technology field.
Long-range hypersonic missile,
  • Recent Success: On November 16, 2024, India successfully tested its first long-range hypersonic missile, achieving speeds over Mach 6 and a range exceeding 1,500 kilometers.
  • Capabilities: The missile can carry various payloads and execute mid-flight maneuvers, making it difficult to intercept.
  • Strategic Importance
    • Military Advantage: Enhances India’s strategic deterrence and naval capabilities. → similar to China’s DF-21D “carrier killer” missile
    • Part of India’s broader initiative to modernize its armed forces and reduce reliance on foreign technology.

Other Ongoing Projects

  • BrahMos-II: A joint project with Russia, expected to reach speeds up to Mach 8.
  • HSTDV: A vehicle aimed at testing hypersonic flight for future applications. (covered)

Drones and UAVs in Defence Technology

Types of Drones

  • Reconnaissance drones
  • Combat drones (UCAVs)
  • Kamikaze drones (loitering munitions)

Types of Drones in Use

Indigenous Drones
  • DRDO Abhyas → High-speed expendable aerial target for military training.
  • DRDO Ghatak → Stealth UCAV for air combat.
  • DRDO Nishant → Intelligence gathering, reconnaissance, and target designation.
  • Nagastra-1 → Man-portable suicide drone for precision strikes.
Foreign Drones
  • MQ-9 Reaper → Surveillance and strike capabilities (Foreign Military Sales).
  • Heron II → Israeli drone for surveillance, especially in high-altitude regions.

Other Notable Models

  • Adani Hermes 900 → High-end surveillance UAV.
  • RUAV 200 → Used for defense and surveillance.
  • Lakshya → Target acquisition and training drone.
Applications of Drones
  • Surveillance & Reconnaissance → Real-time intelligence in rugged terrains.
  • Tactical Support → Precision strikes with minimal collateral damage.
  • Logistics → Supply delivery in remote areas (Ladakh, Siachen).
  • Electronic Warfare → Jamming communications, intercepting signals.
  • Humanitarian Aid → Search-and-rescue in disaster zones.

Future Developments

  • Expansion of drone capabilities with AI and autonomous systems.
  • Goal: India to become a global hub for drone manufacturing by 2030.

Drone Defense in India

  • Integrated Drone Detection and Interdiction Systems (IDD&IS):
    • Deployed along northern borders with China.
    • Developed by DRDO & Bharat Electronics.
    • Detects drones at 5-8 km range, using jamming (soft kills) and laser systems (hard kills).
  • Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs):
    • DRDO developing high-energy lasers & microwave systems.
    • Operational in 3-5 years, aimed at countering drone swarms.
  • Indrajaal Autonomous Drone Defense Dome:
    • Developed by Grene Robotics.
    • Provides 360-degree coverage over 4,000 sq. km using AI.
    • Integrates modular technologies, including autonomous drones for threat neutralization.
  • Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS):
    • Indian Air Force seeking vehicle-mounted systems.
    • Aims to protect air bases from drone attacks, with anti-swarm system tenders in progress.

Challenges and Strategic Importance

  • Border Security: Increased drone incursions, especially with Pakistan, since 2019.
  • Urgency: Need for effective counter-drone strategies to ensure national security.

Future Directions

  • Indigenization: Promoting ‘Make in India’ for drone technologies.
  • Startups Collaboration: Partnering with domestic startups for innovation.
  • Regulatory Frameworks: Strengthening policies to foster industry growth while ensuring security.

Export Control

Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

  • Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is a multilateral export control regime.
    • It is an informal and voluntary partnership among 35 member states that seek to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology. 
    • The decisions are taken by consensus of all the members.
    • The MTCR is not a treaty and does not impose any legally binding obligations on partners (members)
    • The regime was formed in 1987 by the G-7 industrialized countries. 
  • Objective : The MTCR aims to limit the proliferation of missiles, rocket systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, and related technology capable of carrying a 500-kilogram payload over 300 kilometers, as well as systems for delivering weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
  • Export Controls: The regime relies on adhering to shared export policy guidelines applied to a unified list of controlled items outlined in the MTCR Equipment, Software, and Technology Annex.
  • MTCR partners launched The Hague Code of Conduct ⇒ an arrangement to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles
  • India was inducted into the Missile Technology Control Regime in 2016 as the 35th member.
    • Enhances India’s non-proliferation image
    • Enables procurement of advanced missile technology and collaboration on UAV development projects with other nations.
      • Examples include acquiring theater missile interceptor “Arrow II” from Israel and military drones like “Avenger” from the USA.
    • Membership entails obligations such as sharing critical military and technological information and consulting with other members on MTCR-related exports.
    • Advance Version of BrahMos supersonic cruise missile : range of the missile was originally capped at 290 km as per obligations of MTCR. However, following India’s entry into the MTCR club in June 2016, the range is planned to be extended to 450 km and to 600 km at a later stage.

Institutional Setup Supporting Missile Technology in India

Key Institutions Involved in Missile Technology:

  • Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
    • Role: Primary organization for research, development, and innovation in missile technology.
    • India’s missile development is primarily managed by the Missiles and Strategic Systems (MSS) Cluster within the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). This cluster is dedicated to designing and developing advanced missile systems essential for national defense and deterrence. 
Key Laboratories under the MSS Cluster:
  1. Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL): Focuses on the development of advanced missile systems, including surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles.
  2. Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL): Specializes in the design and development of missile systems, including the Agni series of ballistic missiles.
  3. DRDO Young Scientist Laboratory (DYSL-AT): Engages in research and development activities related to advanced technologies for missile systems.
  4. Research Centre Imarat (RCI): Plays a pivotal role in the development of avionics and control systems for missile systems.
  5. Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL): Conducts research in terminal ballistics, including the study of warhead design and performance.
Notable Missile Systems Developed:
  • Agni Series: A family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles.
  • Akash: A medium-range surface-to-air missile system.
  • ASTRA: A beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile.
  • BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile developed in collaboration with Russia.

The MSS Cluster’s comprehensive approach integrates various specialized laboratories to advance India’s missile technology capabilities, ensuring a robust defense infrastructure.

  • Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
    • Role: State-owned enterprise for missile production.
    • Key Contributions: Manufacturing of various missiles, including surface-to-air missiles, air-to-air missiles, and others. Plays a key role in mass production and assembly of missiles designed by DRDO.
  • Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
    • Role: Aircraft and aerospace manufacturer with significant involvement in the development of missile delivery systems, particularly air-launched missiles.
  • Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
    • Role: Supports missile technology by providing expertise in satellite navigation, launch vehicles, and space-based tracking systems. ISRO’s work in satellite technology and rocket systems has contributed to India’s missile development.
  • Private Sector Involvement
    • Role: India has also increasingly involved private industries in the development of critical components and technologies related to missiles.
    • Examples: Companies like Tata Advanced Systems, Larsen & Toubro, and Adani Defence collaborate in various capacities, including providing advanced materials, engineering, and manufacturing support for missile systems.
Collaboration and International Partnerships:
  • Technology Transfer and Joint Ventures
    • India has partnered with countries like Russia for systems like BrahMos (a joint venture between DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia).
    • Missile Defense Collaborations: India has partnered with countries like Israel for advanced air defense systems like Barak-8 and Iron Dome technology.
  • Strategic Importance:
    • The collaborative approach enables India to access advanced missile technologies, benefiting from international expertise while promoting self-reliance through the ‘Make in India’ initiative
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