Day 57 | RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing | 90 Days

90 days answer writing

This is Day 57 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing, We will cover the whole RAS Mains 2025 with this 90-day answer writing program

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GS Answer Writing – धातु, अधातु और उपधातु | धातुकर्म सिद्धांत और विधियाँ; महत्वपूर्ण अयस्क और मिश्र धातु | अम्ल, क्षार और  लवण, तर और बफर की अवधारणा । Paragraph

उपधातु वे तत्व हैं जो धातुओं और अधातुओं के बीच मध्यवर्ती गुण प्रदर्शित करते हैं।

वे आवर्त सारणी में ज़िग-ज़ैग रेखा के रूप में स्थित हैं, जो धातुओं को गैर-धातुओं से अलग करती हैं।

  1. बोरोन: हरी लपटों के लिए आतिशबाजी में प्रयुक्त; सफाई एजेंट और कीट नियंत्रण।
  2. सिलिकॉन: कंप्यूटर चिप; वाटरप्रूफ सीलेंट (सिलिकॉन)।
  3. जर्मेनियम: अर्धचालक का उत्पादन
  4. आर्सेनिक: ऐतिहासिक रूप से एक कीटनाशक के रूप में, अर्धचालकों का उत्पादन
  5. सुरमा(एंटीमनी ): कॉस्मेटिक के रूप में; पेंट और सिरेमिक एनामेल में उपयोग किया जाता है।
  6. टेल्यूरियम: विद्युत उत्पादन और शीतलन अनुप्रयोगों के लिए थर्मोइलेक्ट्रिक उपकरणों का निर्माण।
  7. पोलोनियम: दुर्लभ और अत्यधिक रेडियोधर्मी; अत्यंत विषाक्तता के कारण सीमित उपयोग

बफर विलयन जलीय विलयन होते हैं जो थोड़ी मात्रा में अम्ल या क्षार मिलाने पर pH में परिवर्तन का विरोध करते हैं।

  • वे किसी दुर्बल अम्ल तथा उसके संयुग्म क्षारक (conjugate base) अथवा किसी दुर्बल क्षार तथा उसके संयुग्म अम्ल (conjugate acid) के बीच स्थापित साम्यावस्था का उपयोग करके, विलयन में डाले गए अतिरिक्त H⁺ या OH⁻ आयनों को निष्क्रिय कर pH को एक सीमित सीमा में स्थिर बनाए रखते हैं।
  • उदाहरण के लिए रक्त का pH मान 7.4 है → इसमें कार्बोनेट/बाइकार्बोनेट बफर होता है

The entire scientific and technological process used for isolation of the metal from its ores is known as metallurgy. Ores are usually contaminated with earthly or undesired materials known as gangue. 

The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involve the following major steps:

  1. Crushing and Grinding : Pulverization ⇒ Find powder is prepared to increase the surface area for chemical reactions.
  2. Concentration of Ores → Removal of Gauge
  • Physical Methods 
    • Hydraulic washing: based on the differences in gravities of the ore and the gangue particles ⇒ gravity separation. Eg for Gold, Chromium and Iron
    • Magnetic Separation :  when either the ore or the gangue (one of these two) is capable of being attracted by a magnetic field . Ex Pyrolusite (MnO2) & Chromite (FeO.Cr2O3)
    • Froth Floatation : for removing gangue from sulphide ores .{ a suspension of powdered ore is made with water, to which collectors (e.g., pine oils, fatty acids, xanthates) and froth stabilizers (e.g., cresols, aniline) are added.
  • Chemical methods
    • Leaching: commonly employed when the ore is soluble in suitable solvent.
      • Leaching of Alumina from Bauxite: Bauxite is digested with a concentrated solution of NaOH at elevated temperatures and pressures. This leaches out Al2O3 as sodium aluminate, leaving impurities behind. 
      • Other Examples: silver and gold ⇒ the respective metal is leached with a dilute solution of NaCN or KCN in the presence of air. 
  1. Conversion of ore into metal oxide: 

Heating in the presence of air (roasting) or without air (calcination) to remove volatile impurities, moisture, and sulphur. → Leaving behind metal oxide

Roasting : Primarily for sulphide oresCalcination → for carbonate ores
  1. Reduction of Metal Oxide/smelting (koi si bhi ek reaction sufficient hai )
    1. Smelting is the process of extracting a metal from its oxide ore by heating it with a reducing agent such as coke (carbon) in a furnace.
    2. Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide [copper(I) oxide]: Coke as reducing agent
      1. Cu2O(s)+C(s)→2Cu(s)+CO(g)
    3. Extraction of zinc from zinc oxide
      1. ZnO + C  → Zn + CO (coke,1673K)

Refining/Purification : Refining methods include distillation, fractional crystallization, liquation, electrolytic refining, zone refining, vapour phase refining, and chromatographic methods.    

Paper 4 (Comprehension part) –  paragraph

 Freedom of Speech and Democracy

Freedom of speech is the fourth pillar of democracy. Democracy is the government for the people, of the people and by the people. This right to express gives us a right to criticise and ask the state to function properly and work as it is obliged to. Freedom of expressions gives us something more than just existence, it gives us a reason to live with dignity. It makes us a social being.

  Article 19 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

The right to expression is essential for our autonomy and free will, to an individual’s right to self-development, and to truth seeking.

    If citizens are to be able to rule as democracy requires, it’s after all the rule of the people, by the people. If citizens are to be able to rule, they must be able to communicate freely, including with those that they elect and who govern them. They must be free to criticise, question, challenge, all of which requires full access to information and ideas. Freedom of expression teaches tolerance and builds tolerant societies.

In recent years it has been seen that political parties have become so intolerable to matters against them that they choose violence over citizens and it has been found that most of the aggrieved parties had just expressed their general views on social media. Sometimes it is seen that illiterate political supporters who lack the basic knowledge of the English language infer some different meanings of tweets, statements posted by people online.As George Washington said “If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter.”

Day 57 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

Day 57 | 90 Days RAS Mains 2025 Answer Writing

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