{"id":165008,"date":"2026-05-07T21:29:32","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T15:59:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=165008"},"modified":"2026-05-12T12:44:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T07:14:14","slug":"emergence-of-indian-nationalism","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/history\/modern-indian-history\/emergence-of-indian-nationalism\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f: <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/history\/modern-indian-history\/\">\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 <\/a>\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id165008_759ec8-e3 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-c19248aa94507794d07205491c1b4f15\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0939\u0938\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u092a\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 &#8211; \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u091c\u0926\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 &#8211; \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0924\u0915 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e (\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e) \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947, \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093f\u0932, \u0930\u0942\u0938\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u091a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>\u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 &#8216;\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930&#8217; (Nucleus) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1850 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u094c\u0930\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0916\u094b\u091c<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 &#8216;\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0925\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u094b\u091a<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u091c\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0938, \u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0939\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\/\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e (ICS)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e (1876)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f <strong>\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (1877)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/strong> (1878) &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f (\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e)<\/strong> (1878)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> (1883)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1836\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092d\u093e 1836 &#8211; \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e \u0930\u093e\u092e\u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1838\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0939\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0940 (1838): <\/strong>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 <em>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/em>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0939\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u091a\u093f\u0935: <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0920\u093e\u0915\u0941\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1843\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1851\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 (<\/strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1852\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1852\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u092f\u091f\u0940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1866\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0908\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0902\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1875\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0932\u0940\u0917<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915: <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1876\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928, \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e &#8211; \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940, \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0938 (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1877 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940, \u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u0947\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0916\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (1883)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0930 22 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937 (National Fund) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092d\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f (\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 1885 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1886 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 (INC) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0921\u0932\u0949 (Charles Bradlaugh)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0947\u0921\u0930\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 1889 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8216;\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0940&#8217;<\/strong> (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f) \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 1890 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8216;\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e&#8217;<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b 1892 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 1896 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;1870\/ 1867<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u093e<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915: <strong>\u090f\u092e.\u091c\u0940. \u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0947<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1885\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 (\u092c\u0926\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u092c\u091c\u0940, \u092b\u093f\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947.\u091f\u0940. \u0924\u0947\u0932\u0902\u0917)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1884\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u093e (\u090f\u092e. \u0935\u0940\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0918\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u092c\u0940. \u0938\u0941\u092c\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092f\u094d\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940. \u0906\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0942)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 (1875)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (1878\u201379)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092b\u093c\u0917\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f (1878) \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f (1878) \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u092c\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u092e\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0932\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0932 (1883) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0916\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ICS \u0906\u092f\u0941-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 (\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0916\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-7b24ec30cbc668a5e6056d782e7abb85\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 (INC) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1870 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 1880 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0916\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u0915, <strong>\u090f.\u0913. \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e <\/strong>\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1883 \u0914\u0930 1885 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0938 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 (1885)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"598\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image1-2-1024x598.png\" alt=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f\" class=\"wp-image-165012\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image1-2-1024x598.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image1-2-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image1-2-768x449.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image1-2-600x350.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image1-2.png 1154w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c, \u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>72 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937: \u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942.\u0938\u0940. \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0947, \u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947, \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915, \u0906\u0930.\u0938\u0940. \u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924, \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0942, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940, \u0930\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924, \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0938, \u0936\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937, \u092e\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0918\u094b\u0937, \u092e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0935\u0940\u092f, \u091c\u0940. \u0938\u0941\u092c\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u092f\u094d\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u0940. \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f\u0930\u093e\u0918\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0936\u093e \u0908. \u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 1890 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915<\/strong> \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e INC \u090f\u0915 \u201c\u0938\u0947\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0935\u201d \u0925\u0940?&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f. \u0913. \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\/\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0937\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0930.\u092a\u0940. \u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0937\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 <strong>&#8220;\u0924\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e &#8211; \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-cca96745499187bf6926e073d3440112\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 (1885\u20131905)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940, \u092b\u093f\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0924\u093e, \u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947, \u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942.\u0938\u0940. \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940, \u0921\u0940.\u0908. \u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e, \u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0928. \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0926\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u200b\u200b\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0928\u092e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0947<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935; \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u2013<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3P:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093e (Petition)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u093e (Prayer)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u092f\/\u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u093e (Persuade)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 INC \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1889 \u092e\u0947\u0902 INC \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 1890 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e <strong>\u2018\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u2019<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (\u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940, \u0906\u0930.\u0938\u0940. \u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u0942-\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 (Tariffs) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0932 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1861)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e: 1862 \u0938\u0947 1892 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>45 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0927\u0928\u0940, \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0928\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0948\u092f\u0926 \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926 \u0916\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0932, \u0935\u0940.\u090f\u0928. \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0915, \u0915\u0947.\u090f\u0932. \u0928\u0941\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 (1885\u20131892)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 (\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 (\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1892<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0940\u092f &#8211; \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u091c\u093c\u092e\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u091c\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902 (1909 \u0924\u0915 \u0914\u0938\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 13 \u0926\u093f\u0928)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f: 24 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 5\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u091c\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940; \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1892 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0902:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964\u092c\u091c\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u2192 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e: <strong>\u201c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u201d\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 (1904), <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 (1905) \u0914\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 (1906) \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0916\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094c\u0915\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094d-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u092e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0908 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 &#8211; \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0942 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \/ \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0928-\u0906\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0928\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f (\u090f\u0932\u0940\u091f) \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0949. \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092d\u093f \u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0948\u092f\u093e &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 &#8211;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0936\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1887 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1887 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908, \u0924\u094b \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0926\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201c\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c\u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940\/\u0905\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u092c\u0942\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0930\u093e\u092f \u0921\u092b\u0930\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b <strong>&#8220;\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e&#8221; <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f: \u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u094b\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924 (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0928), \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938-\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 &#8211;\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u092f\u0926 \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926 \u0916\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u0948\u092e\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f &#8216;\u0926\u092e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928&#8217; (Carrot-and-stick &#8211; \u0917\u093e\u091c\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d \u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940) \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c\u2019 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u0939\u0902\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0926\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u0938\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1896\u201398 \u0914\u0930 1899\u20131901 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e 1896 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0903\u0916 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0911\u092b\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;\u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0949\u0930\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1896 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u090f\u092c\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u0907\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1904-05 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u092f<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930, \u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093e\u0930\u0938 (\u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0928-\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947:<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u092e\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940&nbsp; &#8211;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930: \u091c\u093c\u092e\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u092b\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0928-\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 &#8211; \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 (\u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0921\u094b\u0930\u2019 (\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e)\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930: \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u092b\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0928\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924 (\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930) \u0925\u0947, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 &#8211; <\/strong>&#8220;\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0922\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964&#8221; (\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0928-\u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f:<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 &#8220;\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0935&#8221; \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0937:<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e <strong>&#8216;\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0932\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u0913\u0932\u094d\u0921&#8217; <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b &#8216;\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e&#8217; (Proletariat) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091c \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0930 \u0914\u0930 &#8220;\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0924\u093e&#8221; \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (1907)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f &#8211;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 (1905) &#8211;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0940\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 (\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e) \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u0928-\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0930\u092e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 (1906)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 <strong>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>&#8216;\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940, \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c&#8217; \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0924\u092d\u0947\u0926 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u092c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (1907) \u2013 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1907 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 <strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940, \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 <strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e (\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 &#8211; \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u0947\u091c\u092c\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940, \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u092e\u0928 (1907\u20131911)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u092e\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (1907)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928\u093e) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1908<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (1908)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (1910)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 1909 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 6 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0925\u0928:<\/strong> &#8220;\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0939\u0942\u0901&#8230; \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f (\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u0932-\u092b\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u091f\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u0905\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u091c\u0928\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc57\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938, \u092c\u0932\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0928\u0947 <strong>&#8216;\u0932\u093e\u0920\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u092c&#8217;<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>&#8216;\u0905\u0916\u093e\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902&#8217;<\/strong> (\u0915\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u2018\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\u2019 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932 (1923) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964(\u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0927\u0928 1920 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u0949. \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0926, \u0938\u0940. \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0917\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0932\u094d\u0932\u092d\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u091f\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940\u2019 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 6 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0947\u0932 (\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e) \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0902\u092c\u0908 (\u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u092e\u091c\u0926\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 <strong>6 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u2018\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940\u2019 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u093e \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947, \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e&#8221; \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 <strong>&#8216;\u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f&#8217;<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u091c\u092f\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0902\u0925 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0964 <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 <strong>&#8216;\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u092e \u0911\u092b \u0926 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0938&#8217; <\/strong>\u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0927\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0928\u0947 1905 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8216;\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c&#8217;<\/strong> \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940: <strong>&#8220;\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0942\u0901\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2013<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0930\u0940 (\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u093e (\u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-8be777fe52a1fd8295f16c871b01fde6\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935 <strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (1905)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928-\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f) \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 (\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936) \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"689\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image40-1024x689.png\" alt=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f\" class=\"wp-image-165019\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image40-1024x689.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image40-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image40-768x517.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image40-600x404.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image40.png 1100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (1903\u20131905): &#8216;\u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u094b&#8217; \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0940-\u0938\u092e\u091d\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> 7.8 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 &#8220;\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e&#8221; \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 &#8216;\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932&#8217; \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0908 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930:<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (1.7 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c) \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (3.7 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u2192 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u2192 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (1903\u20131905)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 <strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940, \u0915\u0947.\u0915\u0947. \u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0936\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u092f<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 (Memoranda)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0940, \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0928\u092e\u0924 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 1905:<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>7 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924, 1905:<\/strong> \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091f\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8216;\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935&#8217;<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e (\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0928\u091a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0935\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>16 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930, 1905 &#8211; \u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u090f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e, \u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u0942\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;\u0935\u0902\u0926\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u0930\u092e&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0928 (\u091c\u094b \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0940\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0935\u0940\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u0947 <strong>&#8220;\u0906\u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942-\u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 (6 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930, 1905) \u092e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0916\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0928\u093e \u2192<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0902\u0926 \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u092c\u094b\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u092d\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0942\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u2013 \u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0902\u091c\u093e\u092c \u2013 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f, \u0905\u091c\u0940\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u2013 \u0938\u0948\u092f\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0926\u0930 \u0930\u091c\u093c\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u2013 \u091a\u093f\u0926\u0902\u092c\u0930\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e (1905\u20131907)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1905 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 (\u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947)<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 <\/strong>(\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915, \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f, \u092c\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0932, \u0905\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0937):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964\u0935\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 &#8216;\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 &#8216;\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937&#8217; \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1906 \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 (\u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940)<\/strong>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092f\u093e &#8216;\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093e\u091c&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (1907)<\/strong>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 <\/strong>\u2192 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0964\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e: \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0927\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940\/\u0917\u0930\u092e\u0926\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 (1905 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0926\u092e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f:<\/strong> \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u092d\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u0917\u093f\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092c\u0902\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 <strong>&#8216;\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927&#8217;<\/strong>, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0939\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932\/\u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u094c\u0915\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u0917\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0927\u094b\u092c\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0928\u0938\u092d\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u0942\u0938<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0928-\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0928-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902\u0938\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 (\u2018\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\u2019) \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0905\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 (\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0938\u093e\u0932)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e:<\/strong> \u0935\u0940.\u0913. \u091a\u093f\u0926\u0902\u092c\u0930\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0948 (\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928, \u0926\u0947\u0936\u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0940\u0924, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940\/\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>\u0917\u0923\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0935 (1893)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0935\u093e\u091c\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0935 (1895)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0915-\u0928\u093e\u091f\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e (\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f) \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094c\u0930\u0935, \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928, \u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0926\u0939\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \/ \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>15 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 1906<\/strong> \u0915\u094b <strong>&#8216;\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926\u094d&#8217; (National Council of Education)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 <strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0937<\/strong> \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928 (1901)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0924\u0940\u0936\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0908\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 <strong>&#8216;\u0921\u0949\u0928&#8217; (Dawn)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>&#8216;\u0921\u0949\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0940&#8217; (1902)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 1895 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8216;\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0935\u0924 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0925\u0940&#8217; \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0916\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0923\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0909\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 <strong>&#8216;\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u093e&#8217; (1904)<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 &#8220;\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0939\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f&#8221; (Hypnotic conquest of the mind) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0940.\u0913. \u091a\u093f\u0926\u0902\u092c\u0930\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0948<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0924\u0942\u0924\u0942\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940\/\u0924\u0942\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0928 (Tuticorin)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940<strong> \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u2013 \u092a\u0940.\u0938\u0940. \u0930\u0949\u092f (1893)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 (1897) \u2013 \u0930\u0935\u0940\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 (1901) \u2013 \u091c\u094b\u0917\u0947\u0936\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u094c\u0927\u0930\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 (1903) \u2013 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0935\u0940\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0940\u0924 <em>\u0905\u092e\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u0932\u093e<\/em> \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0940\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0941\u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u0938\u0941\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0917\u0940\u0924\u092e\u094d<\/em> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"434\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image14-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-165022\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image14-1.png 236w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image14-1-163x300.png 163w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094b\u0930:<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 &#8216;<strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong>&#8216; (Victorian Naturalism) \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u091c\u0902\u0924\u093e, \u092e\u0941\u0917\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0942\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0932\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0902\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u094b\u0938:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 1907 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8216;\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0917\u0926\u0940\u0936 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0938 (J.C. Bose)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0932 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u092f (P.C. Ray)<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0938\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0941\u0916<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0941\u0932 \u0930\u0938\u0942\u0932, \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0938\u0948\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u091c\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0922\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u092c <strong>\u0938\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0908\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932 (\u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 1906) \u2192 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0942\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932:<\/strong> 1906-1908 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902; \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 18 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> \u0924\u0942\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u0941\u092c\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0935<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091a\u093f\u0926\u0902\u092c\u0930\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0948 <\/strong>\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0932\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0940:<\/strong> \u0932\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0932\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u091c\u0940\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0930 (Arsenal) \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0902\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917), \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e (1911)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1911 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 <\/strong>\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0932\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e (\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928: \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0940\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 (Fizzling out) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (1908 \u0924\u0915)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u092e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0908\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0917\u093f\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f; \u0905\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0937 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u0939:<\/strong> 1907 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\/\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0928-\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 <strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091b\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915, \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917) \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935:<\/strong> \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 &#8211; \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 &#8211; \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0935 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0941\u0916<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0928\u090f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f: \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0964 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":0,"parent":27092,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-165008","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f : \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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