{"id":163909,"date":"2026-04-25T17:45:42","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T12:15:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=163909"},"modified":"2026-04-26T21:59:17","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T16:29:17","slug":"computer-communication-and-network","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (LAN), \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (WAN) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163909_27c19e-52 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-afb3c3eb834dae0dfc99e105947b5e34\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Communication Systems)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915) \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e) \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Elements of a Communication System)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-163910\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-600x211.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135.png 1232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"777\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-136.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-163912\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-136.png 777w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-136-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-136-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-136-600x344.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 (\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924)<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Guided Media):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Unguided Media):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 (\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092c\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Wireless Media)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"rotate-message\">\n  \ud83d\udcf1 For better view, please rotate your phone horizontally.\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b (Radio)<\/strong><\/td><td>30 Hz &#8211; 300 GHz<\/td><td>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Interference)\u0964<\/td><td>AM\/FM, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 (Microwave)<\/strong><\/td><td>1 &#8211; 300 GHz<\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>25 &#8211; 30 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u091f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/td><td>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0940, \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f (Satellite)<\/strong><\/td><td>1 &#8211; 40 GHz<\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 (Global)<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e, \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0930\u0940, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>GPS, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 (Infrared)<\/strong><\/td><td>300 GHz &#8211; 400 THz<\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932, \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 LAN\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 (Wi-Fi)<\/strong><\/td><td>2.4 \/ 5 GHz<\/td><td>\u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><td>20 &#8211; 100 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>WLAN, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 (Bluetooth)<\/strong><\/td><td>2.4 GHz<\/td><td>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><td>~10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924, \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940, \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/td><td>\u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f, \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"562\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-138.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163916\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-138.png 562w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-138-300x186.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"690\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-140.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-163919\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-140.png 690w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-140-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-140-600x390.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 (Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0925&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923\/<\/strong><strong>\u0927\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>VLF, LF, MF (<strong>3 MHz<\/strong> \u0924\u0915)<\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 (\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930) \u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>AM (\u092e\u0948\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0947\u0935) \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 (\u0928\u094c\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 (Sky Wave)<\/strong><\/td><td>HF (<strong>3 MHz &#8211; 30 MHz<\/strong>)<\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (Ionosphere)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u0935 (Shortwave) \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 (Space Wave)<\/strong><\/td><td>VHF, UHF, SHF (<strong>30 MHz <\/strong>\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930)<\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (<strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \/ Line-of-Sight<\/strong>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (Troposphere)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\/\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (2G\/3G\/4G\/5G), \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f.\u090f\u092e. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (AM Broadcast): 540\u20131600 kHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u092b.\u090f\u092e. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (FM Broadcast): 88\u2013108 MHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u0940.\u0935\u0940. (TV):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>VHF \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921:<\/strong> 54\u201372 MHz, 76\u201388 MHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UHF \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921:<\/strong> 174\u2013216 MHz, 420\u2013890 MHz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> (Cellular Communication):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>896\u2013901 MHz \u2192 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>840\u2013935 MHz \u2192 \u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> (Satellite Communication):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 (Uplink):<\/strong> 5.925\u20136.425 GHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 (Downlink):<\/strong> 3.7\u20134.2 GHz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (ITU)<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"454\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-143.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-163926\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-143.png 850w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-143-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-143-768x410.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-143-600x320.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Satellite Communication)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915-\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940 (One-way) \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Two-way)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 (Uplink):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 (Downlink):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0930 (Transponder):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u0909\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163909_988f79-38{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163909_988f79-38 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163909_988f79-38 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163909_988f79-38 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163909_988f79-38 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163909_988f79-38\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_977a92-a4\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_2b6537-c3\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_696a70-7a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_3f584f-44\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_62d2e5-41\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (GEO)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_417ab0-89\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e <\/strong>(Orbit): \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Equator) \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 35,786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: INSAT (\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e), GSAT (\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0938 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_8c9617-4b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_57b10a-42\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (LEO)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_f2e376-94\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 500 \u0938\u0947 2,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>: LEO \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (low latency) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0907\u0930\u093f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_ebdb63-d4\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_05b140-76\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (MEO)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_947aeb-0f\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 2,000 \u0938\u0947 35,786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>: \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 GPS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: GPS \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>L-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong>: \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 GPS \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong>: \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ku-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong>: \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ka-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0925\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 (Wi-Fi)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>WPAN<\/strong> (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915) \u2192 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938-\u091f\u0942-\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092b\u0947\u0930\u0932\u094d\u0938)\u0964<\/td><td><strong>WLAN<\/strong> (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915) \u2192 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\/\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>2.4 GHz<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><td><strong>2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930 (\u0917\u0924\u093f)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u092e &#8211; <strong>3 Mbps<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 (\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 5.0)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a &#8211; <strong>10 Gbps<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 (\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 6\/6E)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c (\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><td>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>30-100 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (LoS)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928, \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, <strong>IoT<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u092e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Wi-Fi (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0947\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940) and Li-Fi (\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092b\u093f\u0921\u0947\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0940-\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 <strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u092f\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (Physical cables) \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 (Wi-Fi)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 (Li-Fi)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong> (2.4 &#8211; 5 GHz)\u0964<\/td><td>LED \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (Visible Light)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 (UV) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0964 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0921\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>30 &#8211; 100 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>1 &#8211; 10 Gbps \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/td><td>100 Gbps \u0924\u0915 (\u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0926\u093f\u0936\u0940\u092f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c (\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (<strong>High security<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Interference), \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940, <strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Line-of-Sight)<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-139.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163917\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-139.png 900w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-139-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-139-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-139-600x400.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"734\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-141.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163922\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-141.png 734w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-141-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-141-600x446.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 6.0 (AX \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wi-Fi \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>IoT (Internet of Things)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0918\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u092e \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u2192 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0906\u0930\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (RFID) \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u090f\u092b\u0938\u0940 (NFC)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 (NFC) \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NFC \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 <\/strong>\u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b <strong>NFC-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u091c\u093c\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f <strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 <strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u2264 4 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 NFC-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915\/\u0928\u091c\u0926\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0908-\u0935\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928<\/strong>: \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0935\u0947\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, NFC-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 (\u0909\u0926\u093e., \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917), \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 <strong>\u0915\u092e \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c<\/strong> \u2192 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0930 (~\u0915\u0941\u091b Kbps)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>RFID \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e NFC<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0930.\u090f\u092b.\u0906\u0908.\u0921\u0940. (RFID)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u090f\u0928.\u090f\u092b.\u0938\u0940. (NFC)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091f\u0948\u0917 + \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c (\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 (\u092a\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0935\/\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u091f\u0948\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>4 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 (Radio waves)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Kbps \u0938\u0947 Mbps)\u0964<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e (\u0915\u0941\u091b Kbps)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0935 \u091f\u0948\u0917:<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; <strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u091f\u0948\u0917:<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/td><td>\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 NFC \u091a\u093f\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>FASTag<\/strong>, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0936\u0941\u0927\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0935\u0947\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, &#8216;\u091f\u091a-\u091f\u0942-\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c&#8217; \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"909\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image47-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163832\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image47-8.png 909w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image47-8-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image47-8-768x537.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image47-8-600x419.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 909px) 100vw, 909px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><\/strong><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, 2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 RFID-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 FASTag \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (2016 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942, 2021 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u094b\u0932 <strong>GPS\/\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u2192 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u091f\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-142.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163923\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-142.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-142-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-142-768x291.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-142-600x227.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1G<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 (Analog)<\/strong>, FDMA<\/td><td>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2G<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 (GSM\/CDMA)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938, <strong>SMS (\u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e)<\/strong>, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3G<\/strong><\/td><td>UMTS\/HSPA<\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong>, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4G<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>LTE (\u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0917 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0907\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, <strong>HD \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>, IP-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5G<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b (NR)<\/strong>, MIMO, mmWave, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e, IoT \u0914\u0930 AI \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>LTE (\u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0917-\u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0907\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u2013 4G \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>All-IP \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915:<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f-\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (2G\/3G \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924) \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0913\u0935\u0930 IP \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>OFDMA<\/strong> (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938) <strong>\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SC-FDMA<\/strong> (\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938) <strong>\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MIMO<\/strong> (\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0932 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f) <strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/strong> &#8211; \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0925\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921: 300 Mbps (\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915), 75 Mbps (\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e: &lt;10 ms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VoIP \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0949\u0907\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u090f\u091a\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0917\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5G (\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e-\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u2013 2020s)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921: <strong>10 Gbps<\/strong> \u0924\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e: &lt;1 ms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\/\u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u00b2<\/strong> \u2192 IoT \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u2192 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b (NR) <\/strong>\u2192 Sub-6 GHz \u0914\u0930 mmWave (24\u2013100 GHz) \u2192 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938 + \u092e\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0935 MIMO<\/strong> &#8211; \u0918\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f + \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0940\u092e\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>OFDM<\/strong>: \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 (DSS)<\/strong>: 4G \u0914\u0930 5G \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928, \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0930\u0940, AR\/VR\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/strong> \u2192 iPhone 15 Pro, Galaxy S23 Ultra\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u2192 \u090f\u092f\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0932\u0906\u0909\u091f (2022)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u2192 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5G \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u094b-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (&lt;1 GHz)<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 700 MHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921:<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e ~100 Mbps<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>: <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c<\/strong>; \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0920 \u2192 <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>: \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\/\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928-\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e (\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0921-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (1\u20136 GHz)<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 3.3\u20133.6 GHz (Sub-6 GHz)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921:<\/strong> \u0932\u094b-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930-\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>: \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u2192 <strong>\u201c\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f\u201d<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>: \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0948\u0920\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (IoT, \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 4.0) \u2192 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 5G \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0908-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (&gt;24 GHz)&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f: &gt;24 GHz (\u0909\u0926\u093e. 26 GHz)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0924\u093f: <strong>20 Gbps<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 (4G \u092e\u0947\u0902 ~1 Gbps \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e: \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092e (<strong>&lt;1 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>: \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e-\u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>: \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0920, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c; \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u0918\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928, AR\/VR\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0935 (mmWave) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0908-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e<\/strong> (24\u2013100 GHz)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u2192 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f + \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f 5G \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e: <strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917<\/strong> (DoT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0940: \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2022 (\u20b91.5 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921: 700 MHz, 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930: \u0930\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0902\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u092f\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0932, \u0935\u094b\u0921\u093e\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0906\u0907\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935: TSPs \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 BTSs (\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 <strong>99.6% \u091c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092c 5G \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6G (\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u2013 2030s)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong>: <strong>1 Tbps<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong>: 6 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921, mmWave, \u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c (\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>: AI-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0939\u094b\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India \u2013 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 6G \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 (2023)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f: <strong>2030 \u0924\u0915<\/strong> 6G \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 6G \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>10%<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u091d\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 6G \u090f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0902\u0938 (B6GA)<\/strong>: \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0926\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092a \u0911\u0928 6G (TIG\u20116G): \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DoT) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u2018\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 6G 2025\u2019 \u2013 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0940<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928: \u092e\u0908 2025: \u0939\u094b\u091f\u0932 \u0932\u0947-\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928, <strong>\u0928\u0908 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915: Bharat Exhibitions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DoT, \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 (ETSI, BIF, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 (Free Space Optical) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>FSO \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f (LOS)<\/strong> \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 <strong>\u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0938\u0947-\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 10s \u0938\u0947 100s <strong>Gbps<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b HDTV \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938-\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e:<\/strong> \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, FSO \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940:<\/strong> \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u091b\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0908 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0938\u0947\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936, \u0927\u0942\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d (Turbulence) \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923 (Attenuation)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092a \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 (DSOC)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DSOC<\/strong> <strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940-\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u0938\u093e (NASA) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (Near-infrared light)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 (RF) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>10 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 HD \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 NASA \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0915\u0947 (Psyche)<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (2023) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 31 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 15 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e <strong>UHD (\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u092b\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928)<\/strong> \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 <strong>267 Mbps<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong>, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"226\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-137.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0\" class=\"wp-image-163914\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-137.png 750w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-137-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-137-600x181.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163909_251a0b-b9{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163909_251a0b-b9 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163909_251a0b-b9 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163909_251a0b-b9 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163909_251a0b-b9 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163909_251a0b-b9\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_d9ff96-c6\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_d93a24-92\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_a5f9c8-5a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_fc7e53-cd\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_48df0c-96\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_62a387-a8\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> (SpaceX) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_654352-a8\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_9dbf4e-ee\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u091f\u0942 50&#8242; \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_517c00-61\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (LEO) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0935\u0928\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong> (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u090f\u092f\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0932) \u0914\u0930 <strong>ISRO<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092e\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0921 (NSIL) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ISRO \u0915\u093e LVM3 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0935\u0928\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e <strong>36 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_e7cfe4-c0\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_189f6f-48\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f Kuiper<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_49639c-cb\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163909_15f7c8-32\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_bf9662-48\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0932\u0942\u0928 (Loon) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163909_e55cda-2a\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0935\u0949\u0915\u0930 3 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<strong> \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 (AST SpaceMobile) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e <strong>\u092b\u0947\u091c\u094d\u0921-\u090f\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e (Phased-Array Antenna)<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-7a75759033305ffaa2571e7caf27ab4c\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Communication Network)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Range) \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0930 (Data transfer rates) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (PAN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (LAN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0928 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (MAN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (WAN)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Computer Networks)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"rotate-message\">\n  \ud83d\udcf1 For better view, please rotate your phone horizontally.\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PAN<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>LAN<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>MAN<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>WAN<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 <\/strong>(Personal Area Network)<\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> (Local Area Network)<\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 <\/strong>(Metropolitan Area Network)<\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> (Wide Area Network)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>~10-100 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u092d\u0935\u0928\/\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 (\u2264 1 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940)<\/td><td>\u0936\u0939\u0930\/\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td><td>\u0926\u0947\u0936\/\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/td><td>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0908 LAN \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/td><td>LAN \u0914\u0930 MAN \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u092e (1\u2013100 Mbps)<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a (100 Mbps\u201310 Gbps)<\/td><td>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Moderate)<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925, NFC, USB<\/td><td>\u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f (Ethernet), \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908<\/td><td>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 (<strong>Wi-MAX &#8211; \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong>)<\/td><td>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (Satellite), \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 (\u0918\u0930\/\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f)<\/td><td>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\/\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915\/\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f<\/td><td>\u0918\u0930\/\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908<\/td><td>\u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/td><td><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id163909_b9022b-50 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-4-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column163909_96d7cf-e5\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"592\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139555\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4.png 704w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4-600x505.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4-300x252.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Fig: PAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column163909_5f3f55-0e kb-section-dir-horizontal\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"664\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139561\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86.png 664w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86-600x618.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86-291x300.png 291w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fig: MAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column163909_eb4795-03 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column163909_eb4795-03\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"854\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139557\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5.png 854w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5-600x461.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5-768x590.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 854px) 100vw, 854px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Fig: LAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column163909_532b7a-1d\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"818\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139559\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1.png 818w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1-600x474.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1-300x237.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1-768x607.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 818px) 100vw, 818px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Fig: WAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c (WWW)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d: 13 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a 1989, <strong>\u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>WWW \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u094b <strong>HTML<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u094b\u092e \u092a\u0947\u091c:<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e\/\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Collection of related <strong>web pages<\/strong> under one <strong>domain<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>www.connectcivils.com \u2192 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>www.connectcivils.com\/new\/ \u2192 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 (access), \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 (retrieve), \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 (display)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Types:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u2192 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> Lynx<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930<\/strong> \u2192 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f + \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0909\u0926\u093e., \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u0938\u092b\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0913\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093e, \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u092b\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u092a \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u091f\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930: <strong>NCSA Mosaic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"634\" height=\"247\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-145.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163933\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-145.png 634w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-145-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-145-600x234.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 634px) 100vw, 634px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f IP address<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0905\u092a\u093e\u091a\u0947 HTTP \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, IIS, \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u091f\u092a\u094d\u0921\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\/URL (\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0930)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u092a\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>http:\/\/ \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>www \u2192 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>google.com \u2192 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\/services\/ \u2192 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>index.htm \u2192 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e URL<\/strong> 1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>Tim Berners-Lee<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: google.com, yahoo.com<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>DNS (\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u2194 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c (WWW) \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092f\u093e\u0939\u0942, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e, \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0915\u0949\u0938, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093f\u091f<\/strong> \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e, <strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938<\/strong> \u2192 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"669\" height=\"356\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-144.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\" class=\"wp-image-163931\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-144.png 669w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-144-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-144-600x319.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u2192 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092c \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TCP\/IP (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932\/\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TCP<\/strong> \u2192 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092a\u0930) \u2192 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IP<\/strong> \u2192 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 IP \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0924\u0947<\/strong> \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IPv4 \u2192 32-\u092c\u093f\u091f; IPv6 \u2192 128-\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FTP (\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: FileZilla, gFTP, Konqueror\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HTTP (\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930-\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HTML (\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0905\u092a \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0938 (&lt;&gt;) \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0932\u0949\u0917\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u2192 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b LAN\/Internet \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e <strong>\u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c\u0928\u0947\u091f (Usenet ) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902; newsgroups \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PPP (\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e <strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0932-\u0905\u092a \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 9600 bps \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092c \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SMTP (\u0938\u093f\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>TCP\/IP \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0908-\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>WAP (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WAP \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VoIP (\u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0913\u0935\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IP \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2192 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0949\u0932\u094d\u0938 (Skype, WhatsApp \u0915\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-28480ef9237bc05044b3e3264f5d2bba\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a (File Formats)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\/\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a (Audio Formats)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MP3<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921 (\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924), <strong>\u0932\u0949\u0938\u0940 (Lossy)<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924, \u092a\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>WAV<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928-\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921 (\u0905-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924)<\/strong>, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Editing)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AAC<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928, MP3 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FLAC<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0932\u0949\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0938 (Lossless)<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e) \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>OGG<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>\u0917\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938, \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MIDI<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u092f\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 (Synthesizers)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\/\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a(Video Formats)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MP4<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f, <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 (Compressed)<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>AVI<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 (Uncompressed)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MKV<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0908 \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932 (\u0909\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915)<\/strong> \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>MOV<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 (Apple) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>\u092e\u0948\u0915 (Mac) \u0914\u0930 iOS \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Editing)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>WMV<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0948\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FLV<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a (<strong>\u0905\u092c \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b (Legacy web video)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>WebM<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>HTML5 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\/\u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a (Text Formats)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>TXT<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f (Plain text), \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 <strong>\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/td><td>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u0949\u0917\u094d\u0938 (Logs)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>DOC \/ DOCX<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><td>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PDF<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a (<strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0908-\u092c\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>RTF<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0930\u093f\u091a \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/td><td>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>HTML<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0947\u091c <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0905\u092a<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>XML<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f, \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0917\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Markdown (.md)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0905\u092a \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0917\u093f\u091f\u0939\u092c (GitHub), \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 (Documentation)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>JPEG<\/strong> (\u092f\u093e JPG) &#8211; \u091c\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PNG<\/strong> &#8211; \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>GIF<\/strong> &#8211; \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TIFF<\/strong> &#8211; \u091f\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0921 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PSD<\/strong> &#8211; \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0936\u0949\u092a \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PDF<\/strong> &#8211; \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EPS<\/strong> &#8211; \u090f\u0928\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AI<\/strong> &#8211; \u090f\u0921\u094b\u092c \u0907\u0932\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SVG<\/strong> &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (LAN), \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (WAN) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":0,"parent":161792,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-163909","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0 - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0 - Connect Civils\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connect Civils\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-26T16:29:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1232\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"434\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@rajras16\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"21 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/\",\"name\":\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0 - Connect Civils\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-25T12:15:42+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-26T16:29:17+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"RAS 2024 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u0906\u0930\u090f\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":6,\"name\":\"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/\",\"name\":\"RajRAS\",\"description\":\"Rajasthan RAS 2021 | Assistant Professor Exam | Police SI GK Preparation\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization\",\"name\":\"RajRAS Edu Services\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png\",\"width\":150,\"height\":76,\"caption\":\"RajRAS Edu Services\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/rajras16\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/rajras16\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/rajras\/\",\"https:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/rajasthanras\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC4SzIBtIwirMtxcGWgiJ85g\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0 - Connect Civils","description":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/","og_locale":"hi_IN","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0 - Connect Civils","og_description":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964","og_url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/","og_site_name":"Connect Civils","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16","article_modified_time":"2026-04-26T16:29:17+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1232,"height":434,"url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@rajras16","twitter_misc":{"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f":"21 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/","name":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0 - Connect Civils","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png","datePublished":"2026-04-25T12:15:42+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-26T16:29:17+00:00","description":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hi-IN","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-135-1024x361.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/computer-communication-and-network\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"RAS 2024 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"\u0906\u0930\u090f\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"name":"\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u00a0"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/","name":"RajRAS","description":"Rajasthan RAS 2021 | Assistant Professor Exam | Police SI GK Preparation","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"hi-IN"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization","name":"RajRAS Edu Services","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hi-IN","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png","width":150,"height":76,"caption":"RajRAS Edu Services"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16","https:\/\/x.com\/rajras16","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/rajras16\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/rajras\/","https:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/rajasthanras\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC4SzIBtIwirMtxcGWgiJ85g"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/84"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=163909"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":164008,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163909\/revisions\/164008"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/161792"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=163909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}