{"id":163855,"date":"2026-04-24T19:30:31","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T14:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=163855"},"modified":"2026-04-26T22:05:10","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T16:35:10","slug":"basic-computer-science","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930\u2013\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163855_4725d3-ce .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-96da5e5dacc73195ab5936ad668704f2\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Computer System)<\/strong> <strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f (Input)<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 (Process)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f (Output)<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 (Characteristics of Computer)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f (Speed):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 (<strong>MIPS<\/strong>) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e\/\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e (Accuracy):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f (\u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e) \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (Diligence):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0925\u0915\u0947, \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0916\u094b\u090f \u0918\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (Storage\/Power of Remembering):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e (Versatility):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932, \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0932, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Automation):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (Storage):<\/strong> \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e (\u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902) (Computer Generations)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong><br>(1942\u20131954)<\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915:<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902)<strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938:<\/strong> \u092a\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/td><td>ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong><br>(1955\u20131964)<\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915:<\/strong> \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938:<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/td><td>IBM 7030, IBM 7094, IBM 1400 \u0938\u0940\u0930\u0940\u091c\u093c, CDC 164, UNIVAC \u0938\u0940\u0930\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong><br>(1964\u20131975)<\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925c(ICs)<strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/td><td>IBM 360\/370, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC AC 9000, PDP 11, CDC 6600<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong><br>(1975\u2013\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928)<\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 (VLSI) \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<br><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/td><td>STAR 1000, CRAY-X-MP (\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930), DEC 10, PDP 11, CRAY-1, IBM 4341, ALTAIR 8800, Apple \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, VAX9000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong><br>(\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928\u2013\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f)<\/td><td>\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b-\u091a\u093f\u092a (Bio-chip) \u0914\u0930 ULSI (\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928), \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>IBM \u0928\u094b\u091f\u092c\u0941\u0915, Pentium PC, SUN \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\/\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 (\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940) \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (0 \u0914\u0930 1) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940, \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ECG \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917:<\/strong> \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u092a\u093e\u092e\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u092c\u0941\u0915, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0928\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u093f\u092e\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <strong>CRAY X-MP<\/strong>, <strong>PARAM<\/strong>, Summit\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (PCs), \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163870\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (HPC system)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b <strong>FLOPS<\/strong> (<strong>Floating Point Operations Per Second<\/strong>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0916\u094b\u091c, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (1986\u20132025)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163855_3a01de-0a{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_3a01de-0a th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_3a01de-0a caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_3a01de-0a td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163855_3a01de-0a wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163855_3a01de-0a\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_80faba-0d\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_004213-bd\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_199007-49\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \/ \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_d50332-e5\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_409ec3-d5\">\n\n<p><strong>1986<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_405481-9d\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b <strong>Cray X-MP<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_4b9ad5-80\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_db28ff-5e\">\n\n<p><strong>1988<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_af0aaf-3c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>C-DAC<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_5b0a3a-a8\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_1e46d3-00\">\n\n<p><strong>1991<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_3ae3bc-e6\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PARAM 8000<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u2013 <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> (C-DAC \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_4d2ce6-7d\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_9dfce5-2e\">\n\n<p><strong>2002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_7546f2-4b\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PARAM Padma \u2013 TOP500 <\/strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e<strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_7fef3d-25\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_b8ade6-1d\">\n\n<p><strong>2015<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_fe6da3-34\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (NSM)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u2013 MeitY \u0914\u0930 DST \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_cc7c72-e5\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_d90df6-78\">\n\n<p><strong>2020<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_147d1e-e2\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PARAM \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-AI <\/strong>\u2013 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0949\u092a 100 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936; AI-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 HPC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_52a286-73\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_025874-d1\">\n\n<p><strong>2022<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_4be252-2a\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PARAM \u0936\u093f\u0935\u093e\u092f<\/strong> (IIT BHU) \u2013 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u0964IITs \u0914\u0930 IISERs \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (IIT \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930), <strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong> (IISER \u092a\u0941\u0923\u0947), <strong>\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e<\/strong> (IIT \u0930\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940), <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0917<\/strong> (IISc \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0932\u094b\u0930), <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924\u093e<\/strong> (IIT \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0928\u0917\u0930), <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> (IIT \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_12c238-d5\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_697408-1e\">\n\n<p><strong>2023<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_caf1ae-40\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0910\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924 (AIRAWAT) \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u2013 C-DAC \u092a\u0941\u0923\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902; \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0948\u0902\u0915 <strong>#75<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_13009e-9f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_901b1c-67\">\n\n<p><strong>2024<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_0d67f1-e7\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>GMRT \u092a\u0941\u0923\u0947, IUAC \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940, SNB \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 (PARAM Rudra)<\/strong> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0964\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <strong>&#8216;\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930&#8217; (Rudra)<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 <strong>&#8216;\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930&#8217; (Trinetra)<\/strong> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>TOP500 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (\u091c\u0942\u0928 2025)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1<\/strong><\/td><td>El Capitan (1.742 ExaFLOPS)<\/td><td rowspan=\"3\">\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2<\/strong><\/td><td>Frontier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3<\/strong><\/td><td>Aurora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4<\/strong><\/td><td>JUPITER Booster<\/td><td>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918 (\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5<\/strong><\/td><td>Eagle (Azure) \u2013 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>162<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>AIRAWAT<\/strong> (AI \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u091a)<\/td><td><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930:<strong> Arka, Arunika, Pratyush, Mihir, PARAM Siddhi-AI.<\/strong><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>Abacus<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>ENIAC<\/td><td>Siddhartha<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>CRAY-1 (1976)<\/td><td>PARAM 8000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>Seymour Cray<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u091f\u0915\u0930<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>El Capitan (USA)<\/td><td>AIRAWAT<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (NSM)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d:<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2015 \u092e\u0947\u0902, 7 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (2015-2022) \u0914\u0930 \u20b94,500 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (<strong>R&amp;D<\/strong>) \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0928\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (NKN)<\/strong> \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 70 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (HPC)<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947, \u0914\u0930 HPC \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Steered by):<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (<strong>DST<\/strong>) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f (<strong>MeitY<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0923\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (<strong>C-DAC<\/strong>, \u092a\u0941\u0923\u0947) \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 (<strong>IISc<\/strong>, \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>HPC \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 HPC \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932 <strong>24.83 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u094d\u0938 (PF)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f-AI<\/strong> (5.26 PF, \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 100 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932), <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0917<\/strong> (3.3 PF, IISc \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941), <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0935\u093e\u092f<\/strong> (IIT-BHU), \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (IIT-\u0916\u0921\u093c\u0917\u092a\u0941\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Indigenous Development):<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 (Rudra)<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 1.0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Trinetra)<\/strong> HPC \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f (\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HPC \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0915 1.1<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0914\u0930 HPC \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 <strong>\u092c\u0947\u0902\u091a\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-5697d03ff874b1aadeba7df0da1f762f\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 (Components)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 (Functional Units)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\/\u0906\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Input Unit):<\/strong> \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Central Processing Unit):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e <strong>&#8216;\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940\/\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Memory Unit):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\/\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Output Unit):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Computer Block Diagram and Working Process)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a <strong>\u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0948\u0928 (John von Neumann)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Input Unit) \u2192 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Memory Unit) \u2192 \u0938\u0940.\u092a\u0940.\u092f\u0942. (CPU) \u2192 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Output Unit)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163868\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131-600x338.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-131.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\/\u0906\u0917\u0924 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Input Unit)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947 <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u0940.\u092a\u0940.\u092f\u0942. <\/strong>\u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 <\/strong>\u092f\u093e <strong>\u0906\u0917\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 (\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u093e (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u091f\u091a\u092a\u0948\u0921, \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u092c\u093e\u0930\/\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0906\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0915\u0948\u092e, \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 (MICR) \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 (OCR) \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"141\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-126.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163856\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-126.png 631w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-126-300x67.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-126-600x134.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 (Key Board)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Keys on Keyboard)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Alphanumeric Keys)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 (A\u2013Z) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915 (0\u20139) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Numeric Keys)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 (Operators \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 +, -, *, \/)\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 &#8216;\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0921&#8217; \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Function Keys)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (<strong>F1 \u0938\u0947 F12<\/strong>), \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Cursor Control Keys)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u0940\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u2191 \u2193 \u2190 \u2192), <strong>Home, End, Page Up, Page Down<\/strong>; \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Character Keys)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: <strong>@, $, #, %, &amp;<\/strong> \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Special Purpose Keys)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: <strong>Control (Ctrl), Enter, Shift, Alt, Escape (Esc), Tab<\/strong> \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\/\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Standard Keys):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>101 \u0938\u0947 108<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>QWERTY<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>104 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0949\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Toggle Keys):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (Status) \u0939\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 &#8216;\u0911\u0928&#8217; \u0914\u0930 &#8216;\u0911\u092b&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>Caps Lock<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>Num Lock<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940:<\/em> \u091c\u092c Caps Lock &#8216;\u0911\u0928&#8217; \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Modifier Keys):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>Shift, Ctrl (Control)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>Alt (Alternate)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Special Purpose Keys)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 (Key)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 (Ctrl) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\/Copy \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>Ctrl+C<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928\/\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Enter) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f (Entry) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0928\u0908 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (New line)<\/strong> \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f (Shift) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Capital letters)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u092a (Esc) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Operation) \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 (Abort)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u093e Ctrl \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092c\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 (Left)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u091f (Delete) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0913\u0930 (Ahead\/Right)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u0949\u0915 (Caps Lock) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092e\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u091f\u0949\u0917\u0932 (\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u092e \u0932\u0949\u0915 (Num Lock) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u092a\u0948\u0921<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f (Enable\/Disable) \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 (Start Menu)<\/strong> \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091f\u0948\u092c (Tab) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u091f\u0948\u092c \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0902\u091f (\u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939)<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u094b\u092e (Home) \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\/\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Pointing Device)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 <\/strong>\u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (Spatial Data)<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 <strong>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 (Mouse):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u091f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 (Scroll wheel)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u092a\u0948\u0921 (Trackpad):<\/strong> \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 <\/strong>\u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u091a\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 (Touchscreen):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0938 (Stylus):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u091f\u091a\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0949\u0932 (Trackball):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0947\u0902\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0947\u0902\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>CAD (\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928)<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0949\u092f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 (Joystick):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0908 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0917\u0947\u092e \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 (Air Mouse):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 (Gyroscopic mouse)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (Orientation) \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3D \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938 (3D Mouse):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>CAD<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 3D \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163855_747780-92{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_747780-92 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_747780-92 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_747780-92 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163855_747780-92 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163855_747780-92\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_fa9252-25\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_23442c-b6\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_9797bf-30\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_b2bafe-e3\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_8dcfa5-1a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 (Barcode Reader)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_398404-90\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> (\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0941\u0902\u091c (Light beam) <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0935 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u092e\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_5f91f0-d0\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_280d06-0b\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 (OMR)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_edcb53-e4\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0941\u0902\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 (<strong>MCQ sheets<\/strong>), \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_81f88b-9c\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_77db33-dc\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 (OCR)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_b8dca6-6e\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u092a\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f (<strong>Editable ASCII<\/strong>) \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902 (\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940), \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 (ICR)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_81648e-05\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_9593aa-c8\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 (MICR)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_ee04d5-06\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 (Magnetic ink) \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u092a\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 (Cheque) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 MICR \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_f1f940-3c\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_1ebd32-a5\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 (Smart Card Reader)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_7731ba-76\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940) &amp; \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 + \u0935\u094b\u0932\u093e\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Authentication) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_da4f5d-34\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_250b67-44\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 (Biometric Sensor)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_521f31-16\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 (\u092b\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f, \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e) \u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 (\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930) \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\/Output Unit)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947 <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930 (Plotter), \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"146\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-127.png\" alt=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-163858\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-127.png 631w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-127-300x69.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-127-600x139.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (Monitor)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Interact) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (VDU)<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940.\u0906\u0930.\u091f\u0940. \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (Cathode Ray Tube)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u092a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0938\u0940.\u0906\u0930.\u091f\u0940. \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094c\u091b\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092b.\u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (FPD &#8211; Flat Panel Display)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f <strong>\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong>, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e, \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 <\/strong>\u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u092b.\u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (LCD)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (GPD)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (ELD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u091c\u0940.\u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0914\u0930 \u0908.\u090f\u0932.\u0921\u0940. \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0932.\u0938\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e (Comparison of Display Technologies)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163855_ff1a82-7e{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_ff1a82-7e th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_ff1a82-7e caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_ff1a82-7e td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163855_ff1a82-7e wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163855_ff1a82-7e\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_fd3ca0-1e\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_1af421-ae\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_0bef91-5d\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_199ec3-ba\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_18df13-61\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_7a67c1-f2\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_de1fc7-dc\">\n\n<p><strong>LCD (\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_b6f255-bc\">\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong>+ <strong>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_29ea47-5a\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0924\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CRT \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 (\u0915\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_ce901e-25\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e (\u0915\u092e \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0907\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u0917\u0932<\/strong> (\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_cb8b11-95\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_ee61b6-00\">\n\n<p><strong>LED (\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u090f\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_82f448-a2\">\n\n<p>LCD \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 + LED \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940)\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_97174d-c6\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>LCD \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u093e (Brighter)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u0930 (Lifespan)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 (\u0915\u092e \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_da856d-cd\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f (\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OLED \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e (<strong>Color accuracy<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_fd7e24-0b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_7c2c45-29\">\n\n<p><strong>OLED (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 LED)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_a71aac-ad\">\n\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/strong> (Organic emissive materials) \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_ac0abf-b4\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924<\/strong> (\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0964\u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0907\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_0ebfd7-6a\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u092e \u0909\u092e\u094d\u0930 (\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928-\u0907\u0928 (Burn-in)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e\u0964\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_ab9c4b-8e\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_6b24b3-fd\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u090f\u0932.\u0908.\u0921\u0940. (MicroLED)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_7a0c08-29\">\n\n<p>\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e LED \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_b117f4-9d\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>OLED \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/strong> (\u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_e1afc3-42\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e (\u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong><br><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (Important Points)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 (Pixels):<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 (Resolution):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u00d7 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Pixel Density)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>PPI (Pixels Per Inch):<\/strong> \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DPI (Dots Per Inch):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u091b\u0935\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 (\u2191\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e (Sharpness)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 (16:9 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\/Aspect Ratio):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>HD (720p):<\/strong> 1280 \u00d7 720 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Full HD (FHD \/ 1080p):<\/strong> 1920 \u00d7 1080 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0932 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>2 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0932<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quad HD (QHD \/ 1440p):<\/strong> 2560 \u00d7 1440 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ultra HD (UHD \/ 4K):<\/strong> 3840 \u00d7 2160 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0932 (\u092f\u0939 1080p \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 <strong>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Printer)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 <\/strong>\u092f\u093e <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Printers)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Impact Printers): <\/strong>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 (Strike)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091b\u092a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Character Printers)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0949\u091f \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Dot Matrix):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 (Pins) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0932 (Daisy Wheel):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u092a\u093e\u0908 (Letter-quality) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Line Printers):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (Line) \u0915\u094b \u091b\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Drum Printers)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Chain Printers)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Non-Impact Printers)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (Heat) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Inkjet Printer):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u0942\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935 (Spray) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Laser Printer):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930 (\u0938\u0942\u0916\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Thermal Printer):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 (Heat-sensitive) \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 <strong>POS \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> (\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0938\u0947\u0932), ATM \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e (Comparison of Printers)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0921\u0949\u091f \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0930\/\u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0928\u093e \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0924\u093e (\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0928\u094b\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0928 (Pins) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>20 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f (ppm)<\/td><td>6 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f (ppm)<\/td><td>150 \u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (mm\/sec)<\/td><td><strong>30 \u0938\u0947 550<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (cps)&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><td>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (images) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d\/\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e-\u0905\u092a (warm up) \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e, \u0915\u092e \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 (\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928)\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u093f\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\/\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u092e (paper jams) \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u094b\u0928\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092b (waterproof) \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u094b\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u092e (clogging) \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930 (Plotter)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u092e <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <strong>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930 <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f \u092c\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092d\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f &#8211; Combined I\/O):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921:<\/strong> \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f:<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u094b\u0928 <strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094b\u0928 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 <strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u092c\u0940 (USB) \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u091a\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 (Touchscreen)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0942\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092d\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (CPU)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CPU \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e <strong>&#8216;\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0932 <strong>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 (IC)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, CPU \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (Functions of the CPU):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CPU \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 (Retrieve)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 (CPU Components):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (Registers):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 <strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Arithmetic Logic Unit &#8211; ALU):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c, \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935) \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e: &lt;, &gt;, =) \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Control Unit &#8211; CU):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940, ALU \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \/ Memory Unit)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 (Temporary)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 (Permanent)<\/strong> \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 (Primary)<\/strong>, <strong>\u0915\u0948\u0936 (Cache)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 (Secondary)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\/\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940&nbsp; (Main\/Primary Memory)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f <strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CPU \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> (Semiconductor) \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0948\u092e<\/strong> (\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0921\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 &#8211; RAM)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u094b\u092e<\/strong> (\u0930\u0940\u0921-\u0913\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 &#8211; ROM)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0930\u0948\u092e (RAM) \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u092e (ROM) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0948\u092e (RAM)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u094b\u092e (ROM)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0921\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0940\u0921 \u0913\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 <strong>&#8216;\u0930\u0940\u0921\/\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f&#8217; (Read\/Write)<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c (Read Only)<\/strong> \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 <\/strong>\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e <strong>\u092e\u093f\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0930\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0930\u0948\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 OS \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a (Booting)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (<strong>BIOS<\/strong> &#8211; \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>SRAM<\/strong> (\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0948\u092e)<strong>DRAM<\/strong> (\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0948\u092e)<\/td><td><strong>PROM<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u092e)<strong>EPROM<\/strong> (\u0907\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u092c\u0932 PROM)<strong>EEPROM<\/strong> (\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0907\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u092c\u0932 PROM)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"651\" height=\"395\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-129.png\" alt=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-163862\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-129.png 651w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-129-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-129-600x364.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\/\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915\/\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (Auxiliary\/Secondary Memory)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b CPU \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD), \u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD), \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 (CD)\/\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 (DVD) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163855_8c9250-31{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_8c9250-31 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_8c9250-31 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_8c9250-31 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163855_8c9250-31 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163855_8c9250-31\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_adac1b-9a\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_f9e63a-3e\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_2c6bba-7a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_90d352-9f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_6e9e5d-9b\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c (Solid State Storage)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_fbf4a4-75\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0932 (<strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u092c\u0940 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936\/\u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (<strong>SSD<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_f46fda-72\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_242bd8-1a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c (Optical Storage)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_72a1a6-2c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0938 (\u0938\u092a\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 (\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0924\/\u0917\u0921\u094d\u0922\u0947)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 (<strong>CD<\/strong>), \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 (<strong>DVD<\/strong>), \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942-\u0930\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 (<strong>Blu-ray Disc<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> <strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942-\u0930\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942-\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930\/\u0930\u0940\u0921\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_fdb3b6-a6\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_a3eed7-0a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c (Magnetic Storage\/<\/strong><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_bc6b75-1b\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u2192 &#8216;1&#8217;, \u0905-\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u2192 &#8216;0&#8217;)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935<\/strong> (<strong>HDD<\/strong>), \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915, \u091c\u093c\u093f\u092a \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u092a (\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (Cache Memory)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u0940.\u092a\u0940.\u092f\u0942.<\/strong> (CPU) \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> (RAM) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 <\/strong>\u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e CPU \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (CPU \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f RAM \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e CPU \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 (Frequently)<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (Flash memory):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (Some Important Points)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 (Registers):\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong> \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> (\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0936 (Cache):<\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0964&nbsp;<strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> (\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940)CPU \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f RAM \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0948\u092e (RAM &#8211; Random Access Memory):<\/strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0964<strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> (\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940)CPU \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 <strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD)\/\u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD):<\/strong>&nbsp;\u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<strong>\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940)&nbsp;<strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (Memory Hierarchy)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f (Speed)<\/strong>, <strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Size)<\/strong>, <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 (Cost)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>CPU \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e:<\/strong> \u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u0915\u0948\u0936 \u2192 \u0930\u0948\u092e \u2192 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 (<strong>\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/td><td>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e<\/td><td>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0936<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0948\u092e \/ \u0930\u094b\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e\/\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a<\/td><td>RAM: \u0939\u093e\u0901 \/ ROM: \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e<\/td><td>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Units of Memory Measurement)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093f\u091f (Bit):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u091f \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928 &#8211; <strong>&#8216;0&#8217; \u092f\u093e &#8216;1&#8217;<\/strong> &#8211; \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (Byte):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 256 (2\u2078) \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 (Word):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (CPU) \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CPU \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 &#8216;\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921&#8217; \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 <strong>8, 16, 32 \u092f\u093e 64 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (GeopByte):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f &lt; \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932 &lt; \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f &lt; \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (KB) &lt; \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (MB) &lt; \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (GB) &lt; \u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (TB) &lt; \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (PB) &lt; \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (EB) &lt; \u091c\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (ZB) &lt; \u092f\u094b\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (YB) &lt; \u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902\u091f\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f &lt; \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1 \u092c\u093f\u091f (Bit)<\/strong><\/td><td>0 \u092f\u093e 1 (\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932 (Nibble)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>8 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (Byte) = 2 \u0928\u093f\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0940 (KB \u2013 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u090f\u092e\u092c\u0940 (MB \u2013 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u090f\u092e\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u091c\u0940\u092c\u0940 (GB \u2013 \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u091c\u0940\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u091f\u0940\u092c\u0940 (TB \u2013 \u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u091f\u0940\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u092a\u0940\u092c\u0940 (PB \u2013 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u092a\u0940\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0908\u092c\u0940 (EB \u2013 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u0908\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u091c\u093c\u0940\u092c\u0940 (ZB \u2013 \u091c\u093c\u0947\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u091c\u093c\u0940\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0935\u093e\u0908\u092c\u0940 (YB \u2013 \u092f\u094b\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u0935\u093e\u0908\u092c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (BrontoByte)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1024 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>1 \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f (GeopByte \u2013 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-febbf30e848d09392d6743316a7efbf1\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (Hardware)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 <strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 (Physical)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 (Tangible)<\/strong> \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u092e \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0940.\u092a\u0940.\u092f\u0942. (CPU), \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (Software)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 (execute) \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (Program)<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 (Govern) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0942 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 <strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0906 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Software)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e (User) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938<\/strong> (\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e) \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 Windows) \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930, \u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0942 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938, \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u090f\u092e.\u090f\u0938. \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921 (MS-Word), \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921\u092a\u0948\u0921 (WordPad), \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-134-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163874\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-134-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-134-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-134-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-134-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-134.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (System Software)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (OS):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938) \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 (Language Translator\/Processor):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (HLL)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 <strong>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> (&#8216;0&#8217; \u0914\u0930 &#8216;1&#8217; &#8211; \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0930, \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0930 (Device Driver):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 <strong>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-133-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-163872\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-133-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-133-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-133-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-133-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-133.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (Operating System)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (OS)<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 (Interface)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"828\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-43.jpeg\" alt=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-163866\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-43.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-43-300x243.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-43-768x621.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-43-600x485.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (User Interface &#8211; UI)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Interact) \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (CLI)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f <strong>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 (\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964&nbsp;\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Syntax)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964&nbsp;<strong>\u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (CUI)<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e <strong>\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930-\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>MS-DOS, \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (GUI)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0906\u0907\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942, \u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u092c\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964&nbsp;\u0938\u0930\u0932, <strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c, \u092e\u0948\u0915 \u0913\u090f\u0938 (macOS), \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091c\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091a\u0930-<\/strong><strong>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (GBUI)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (\u0939\u093e\u0925\/\u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964&nbsp;<strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 (Touchless)<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f (Kinect), AR\/VR \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938-<\/strong><strong>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (VUI)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 (Voice commands)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964&nbsp;<strong>\u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0938-\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0930\u0940 (Siri), \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0905\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091f\u091a-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (TUI)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u091f\u091a\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928, \u090f\u091f\u0940\u090f\u092e, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Batch Processing OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 (Jobs) \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 <strong>\u092c\u0948\u091a (Batch)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> UNIX (\u092c\u0948\u091a \u092e\u094b\u0921)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0932-\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c\u0930 OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2192 <strong>MS-DOS, Windows 9X<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 OS<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2192 <strong>Palm OS<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940-\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c\u0930 OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> VMS (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940-\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> (Processes) \u0915\u094b <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong> \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 CPU \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2192 <strong>Linux, UNIX, Windows 95<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e-\u0936\u0947\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 (Resources) \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b CPU \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938 (Time Slice)<\/strong> \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> Mac OS (\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0921 OS<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2192 <strong>Amoeba OS, LOCUS<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e OS (RTOS)<\/strong> \u2192 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Time Limit)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e OS<\/strong> \u2192 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (Examples of Operating System)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNIX:<\/strong> 1969 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0928 \u0925\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0938 \u0930\u093f\u091a\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Apple Macintosh (Mac OS):<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0935 \u091c\u0949\u092c\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 1984 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>LINUX:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e, <strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong> OS \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942 (Ubuntu):<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 OS \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c:<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 1985 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 <strong>GUI (\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0947\u0938) \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> OS \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940 (\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930)<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938-\u0921\u0949\u0938 (\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e OS \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b 1981 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IBM \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921:<\/strong> \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930): <strong>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0921 16 &#8211; \u092c\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e<\/strong> (\u091c\u0942\u0928 2025)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>iOS:<\/strong> \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u0939 iPhone, iPad, \u0914\u0930 iPod Touch \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u092f\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u093f\u0902\u092c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092e\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 OS \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u094b\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0938\u0948\u092e\u0938\u0902\u0917, \u092e\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093e, \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0947\u0930\u0940 OS:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092e\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964 \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 OS<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (Open-Source Software &#8211; OSS)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 (Source Code)<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u093e \u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0935\u0940\u090f\u0932\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0936\u0941\u0917\u0930-\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0930\u090f\u092e (SugarCRM)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\/\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f:<\/strong> \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092f\u0921, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930, \u0926\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (DIKSHA), \u0906\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941, \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0928 (CoWIN)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e (\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091c\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u091c\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 (Closed Source):<\/strong> \u090f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u093e <strong>iOS<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d (Advantages)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0930\u0940 (\u092e\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e) \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 (\u092c\u0917 \u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 5G\/6G, \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 (IoT) \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0915 (India Stack)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0915 \u0913\u092a\u0928 <strong>\u090f\u092a\u0940\u0906\u0908 (Application Programming Interface)<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915: <\/strong>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u0942\u092a\u0940\u0906\u0908 (UPI), \u0915\u094b-\u0935\u093f\u0928 (CoWIN), \u0921\u093f\u091c\u0940\u0932\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163855_b50a9a-8f{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_b50a9a-8f th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_b50a9a-8f caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_b50a9a-8f td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163855_b50a9a-8f wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163855_b50a9a-8f\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_8a77bc-cb\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_9d2866-12\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_1732cb-e6\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_1c4ff7-78\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_b98239-01\">\n\n<p><strong>BharOS (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_7f670b-0f\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: <strong>JandK<\/strong> Operations Pvt. Ltd. (<strong>IIT \u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: <strong>\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092f\u0921 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/strong> (AOSP) \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932<\/strong> \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: <strong>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0910\u092a \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PASS<\/strong> (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091f \u0910\u092a \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0947\u091c)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 <strong>OTA<\/strong> (\u0913\u0935\u0930-\u0926-\u090f\u092f\u0930) \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0942\u091f \u0911\u092b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_845b72-55\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_2733b6-a0\">\n\n<p><strong>BOSS (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0902\u0938)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_911d2c-06\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\/\u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 (NRCFOSS), <strong>CDAC<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: <strong>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a OS<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/strong> (\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940, \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f; \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 GNOME, LibreOffice \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0908-\u0917\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0932\u0948\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_808733-d3\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_a96c7e-e1\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e OS (Maya OS)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_76ad43-4e\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: <strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u2192 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (<strong>DRDO<\/strong>), \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0911\u092b \u090f\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (<strong>C-DAC<\/strong>), \u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930 (<strong>NIC<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: <strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928-\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0909\u092c\u0902\u091f\u0942 (\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938)-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 OS<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>: \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0938\u0948\u0902\u0921\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0930\u094b-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u201c\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0939\u201d \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u2192 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0921\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964<strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940-\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> + <strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u092b\u0930<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 (Language Translators)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (Programming Languages)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948: <strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Low Level Languages)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 (Machine Code)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (Machine Language):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>&#8216;0&#8217; \u0914\u0930 &#8216;1&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b <strong>\u092c\u0941\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092c\u0940\u091c\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (Assembly Language):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, <strong>\u0928\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Mnemonics)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- ADD, SUB, STR, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (High-Level Languages)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0913\u0930, \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 C, C++, Java, Python) \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>FORTRAN<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u2013 1957 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IBM \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ALGOL<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LISP<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u2013 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>COBOL<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0947\u0938 \u0913\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>BASIC<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u093f\u0917\u093f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092a\u091c\u093c \u0938\u093f\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u2013 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pascal<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>C &amp; C+<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Java<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Python<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0930\u0932, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 (Language Translators)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915 (\u092f\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0915) \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (HLL) \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930<\/strong>, <strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0930<\/strong>\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930 (Compiler):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 (Interpreter):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (HLL) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 (Execute) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0930 (Assembler):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-7f0ecb79c02f9c33a38889afb33dec7b\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938\/\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 (Encoding Schemes)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (Human-readable data) \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f <strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 (\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915) \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u094d\u0938:<\/strong> <strong>ASCII, ISCII<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> (Unicode)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container163855_e4d933-56{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_e4d933-56 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_e4d933-56 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table163855_e4d933-56 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container163855_e4d933-56 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table163855_e4d933-56\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_84f524-ab\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_f14298-2b\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_6a83c6-c9\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_40f5ff-77\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_94d2ab-01\">\n\n<p><strong>ASCII<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_2c43f0-fe\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>USA\u0964\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c: <strong>7-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928: <strong>2<sup>7 <\/sup>= 128<\/strong> \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_3abeec-41\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_3ade22-55\">\n\n<p><strong>Extended ASCII<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_51c28e-67\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c: <strong>8-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928: <strong>2<sup>8<\/sup> =<\/strong> <strong>256<\/strong> \u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: DOS, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_868c49-fa\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_01605a-81\">\n\n<p><strong>ISCII<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_a84b12-10\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u091a\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: <strong>\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0964ASCII \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c: <strong>8-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0940, \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u093f)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_c83e2b-eb\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_8cdd64-dd\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 &#8211; Unicode (UTF-16)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_df3b50-46\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u092e (\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c: <strong>16-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong>\u0964 (<strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928: \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928, \u0907\u092e\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091c, XML\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_9ea3a8-3b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_e55ad8-3c\">\n\n<p><strong>Unicode (UTF-8)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_febda1-5c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<strong>:<\/strong> <strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (8\u201332 \u092c\u093f\u091f)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0935\u0947\u092c, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0938&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row163855_438351-ab\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_b4d2eb-e6\">\n\n<p><strong>UTF-32<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data163855_d037f3-aa\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<strong>:<\/strong> <strong>32-\u092c\u093f\u091f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928:<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924-\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930\u2013\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Computer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":0,"parent":161792,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-163855","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 - Connect Civils\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Connect Civils\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-26T16:35:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@rajras16\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"34 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/\",\"name\":\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 - Connect Civils\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-04-24T14:00:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-26T16:35:10+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"RAS 2024 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u0906\u0930\u090f\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":6,\"name\":\"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/\",\"name\":\"RajRAS\",\"description\":\"Rajasthan RAS 2021 | Assistant Professor Exam | Police SI GK Preparation\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization\",\"name\":\"RajRAS Edu Services\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png\",\"width\":150,\"height\":76,\"caption\":\"RajRAS Edu Services\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/rajras16\",\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/rajras16\/\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/rajras\/\",\"https:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/rajasthanras\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC4SzIBtIwirMtxcGWgiJ85g\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 - Connect Civils","description":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/","og_locale":"hi_IN","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 - Connect Civils","og_description":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964","og_url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/","og_site_name":"Connect Civils","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16","article_modified_time":"2026-04-26T16:35:10+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1024,"url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@rajras16","twitter_misc":{"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f":"34 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/","name":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 - Connect Civils","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png","datePublished":"2026-04-24T14:00:31+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-26T16:35:10+00:00","description":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928: \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930-\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hi-IN","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-132.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/basic-computer-science\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"RAS 2024 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"\u0906\u0930\u090f\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940","item":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"name":"\u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#website","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/","name":"RajRAS","description":"Rajasthan RAS 2021 | Assistant Professor Exam | Police SI GK Preparation","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"hi-IN"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#organization","name":"RajRAS Edu Services","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"hi-IN","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/RajRAS-Logo-2.png","width":150,"height":76,"caption":"RajRAS Edu Services"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rasexam16","https:\/\/x.com\/rajras16","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/rajras16\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/rajras\/","https:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/rajasthanras\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC4SzIBtIwirMtxcGWgiJ85g"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163855","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/84"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=163855"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163855\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":164013,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/163855\/revisions\/164013"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/161792"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=163855"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}