{"id":163745,"date":"2026-04-24T13:18:32","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T07:48:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=163745"},"modified":"2026-04-25T17:53:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T12:23:09","slug":"nano-technology-for-ras-prelim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/nano-technology-for-ras-prelim\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 RAS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0938 : \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 RAS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f : \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 <\/a>\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (1\u2013100 nm) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b RAS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id163745_0f5a21-72 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e507870713b84dcc6b3eb6bd90c93b72\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (1 \u0938\u0947 100 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948 <strong>(1 nm = 10<\/strong><strong><sup>-9<\/sup><\/strong><strong> metres<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092b\u0947\u0928\u092e\u0948\u0928<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 1959 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 <strong>&#8220;\u0926\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0907\u091c\u093c \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0911\u092b \u0930\u0942\u092e \u090f\u091f \u0926 \u092c\u0949\u091f\u092e&#8221;<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940:<\/strong> &#8216;\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940&#8217; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0928\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0917\u0941\u091a\u0940<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-121-1024x559.png\" alt=\"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \" class=\"wp-image-163754\" style=\"width:600px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-121-1024x559.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-121-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-121-768x419.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-121-600x327.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-121.png 1408w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Characteristics)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0942\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;<strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e (Chemical reactivity)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924\u0940 (Strength)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e (Dimensions):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a:<\/strong> 1 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 = \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u0935\u093e\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e (10\u207b\u2079 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u092a (\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u091f (\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>100,000 nm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092c\u093e\u0932 (\u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>80,000\u2013100,000 nm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>100 nm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>DNA \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0921 (\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>2 nm<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u0941\u0923 (Key Properties)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Quantum Effects)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (Quantum Confinement):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 (Discrete)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f:<\/strong> <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: LED \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947, \u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0940\u092f:<\/strong> <strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u091f\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> (\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u091f\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e (Superparamagnetism):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> MRI \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (High Surface Area to Volume Ratio)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 (Nanocatalysts)<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924\u0940:<\/strong> <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (CNTs)<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0920\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0926 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940:<\/strong> \u0915\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0927\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0917\u0941\u0923:<\/strong> \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0924\u093e (Solubility), \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e (Conductivity), \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932:<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Nanoscale Friction):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0932<\/strong>) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939-\u0938\u0947-\u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>MEMS<\/strong> (\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e (Dimension) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 (Meaning)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>0D (\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e (\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908, \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908) &lt; 100 nm \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, \u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923 (\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1D (\u090f\u0915-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (CNTs)<\/strong>, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0935\u0949\u092f\u0930 (\u0924\u093e\u0930), \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0930\u0949\u0921\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>2D (\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (\u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908) \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940\u0928<\/strong>, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 (Thin films), \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0935\u0947\u0932\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3D (\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f<\/strong>, \u0921\u0947\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-42.jpeg\" alt=\"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \" class=\"wp-image-163748\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-42.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-42-300x164.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-42-768x419.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-42-600x328.jpeg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u0942\u092a: \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e + \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928 (C\u2086\u2080)<\/strong><\/td><td>0D<\/td><td>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u092b\u0941\u091f\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (CNTs)<\/strong><\/td><td>1D<\/td><td>\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>2D<\/td><td>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092b\u093e\u0907\u091f \/ \u0939\u0940\u0930\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>3D<\/td><td>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092b\u093e\u0907\u091f = \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938; \u0939\u0940\u0930\u093e = \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 3D \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types Based on Composition):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915\/\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (<strong>CNTs<\/strong>) \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915\/\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0930 (\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0940), \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 (\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e), \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 (Nanocomposites):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0930 (Dendrimers):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915 (<strong>Branched polymers<\/strong>) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092f\u0947 \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0942\u0932 (Nanocapsules):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e: \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0938 (Nanofibers):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0936\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 (\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e: \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u0926\u0928, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 (tissue engineering) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (Nanoporous Materials):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930 (pores) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e: \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u0926\u0928 (filtration) \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923 (catalysis) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092b\u094b\u092e\u094d\u0938 (Nanofoams):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u0947 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 (<strong>Insulation<\/strong>) \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 (Four Generations of Nanotechnology)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>I<\/strong><\/td><td>1980 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 2000 \u0924\u0915<\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>(Passive Nanostructures)<\/td><td>\u090f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0932 (\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u092a\u0928\/\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0921\u0930, \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0917-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>II<\/strong><\/td><td>2000 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0938\u0947 2010 \u0924\u0915<\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\/\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> (Active Nanostructures)<\/td><td>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0935\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f\u0930)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>III<\/strong><\/td><td>2010 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915<\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 <\/strong>(Systems of Nanosystems)<\/td><td>3D \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u0915\u0908 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>IV<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\/\u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 <\/strong>(Molecular Nanosystems)<\/td><td>\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 (\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 (APM), \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938&#8221; \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-125-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \" class=\"wp-image-163762\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-125-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-125-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-125-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-125-600x900.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-125.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (Nanofabrication Techniques)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0949\u092a-\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 (\u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935-\u0905\u0927\u094b\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940\/\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f) (Sculpting):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (Bulk material) \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u093f\u0925\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 (\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u0940\u092e &#8211; EBL, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\/\u090f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917 &#8211; RIE, \u0935\u0947\u091f \u090f\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u090f\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0949\u091f\u092e-\u0905\u092a \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 (\u0905\u0927\u094b-\u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \/ \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f) (Building):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (DNA \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940), \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 (<strong>CVD<\/strong>), \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 (<strong>ALD<\/strong>), \u090f\u092a\u093f\u091f\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0925, \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0949\u0907\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c, \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f, \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u091f\u0949\u092a-\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u091f\u0949\u092a-\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 (Top-Down)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092c\u0949\u091f\u092e-\u0905\u092a (Bottom-Up)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Process)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0915\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/<\/strong><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0940 (Subtractive):<\/strong> \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (Additive):<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902\/\u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e (Precision)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Patterning) \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><td>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f (Waste)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f (Waste)<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938:<\/strong> (\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938, \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u0964<\/td><td>\u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 (Cost)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><td>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 (\u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e)<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 (Scalability)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e <strong>\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (Popular Nanomaterials)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0924<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 (2D)<\/strong> \u0937\u091f\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Honeycomb) \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e (Properties)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u093e \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947<\/strong> <strong>\u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924<\/strong> \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 (\u0907\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0947 100-300 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924), \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e<\/strong> <strong>\u0938\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 2% \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Applications)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938:<\/strong> \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0935\u091a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0948\u092a\u0947\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0935\u0923\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e:<\/strong> \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-122-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163756\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-122-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-122-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-122-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-122-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-122.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c (CNTs)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CNTs \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u090f\u0915-\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f (One-dimensional)<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e (Properties)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0928\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 100-300 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u090f\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 (CVD)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Applications)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938:<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924, \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u091f) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e:<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0948\u092a\u0947\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0935\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940:<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e <strong>\u092a\u093f\u0902\u091c\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 (3D \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928 (C60\u200b):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092b\u0941\u091f\u092c\u0949\u0932 (\u0938\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0949\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 60 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 <strong>\u092a\u0902\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0923 (Pentagons)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0937\u091f\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0923 (Hexagons)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u092b\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0940\u0928 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u093e\u091c\u0932 (Soot)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0927\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"313\" height=\"313\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image40-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163634\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image40-10.png 313w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image40-10-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image40-10-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0920\u0940 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f <strong>\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 (Flower-like)<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940) \u0915\u0947 <strong>87%<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094c\u0930-\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (Heat)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e <strong>\u0936\u0902\u0915\u0941 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e (Cone-like)<\/strong> \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-120-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163751\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-120-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-120-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-120-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-120-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-120.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 <strong>2 \u0938\u0947 10 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932 (Holes) \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 (\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927) \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 <strong>&#8220;\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941&#8221; (Artificial atoms)<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b &#8216;\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u090f\u0932\u0908\u0921\u0940 (<strong>LEDs<\/strong>), \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932, \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u0928 (<strong>Bio-imaging<\/strong>) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/strong>: \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 (Synthesis) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 <strong>2023<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u0940. \u092c\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0940 (Moungi G. Bawendi)<\/strong>, <strong>\u0932\u0941\u0908 \u0908. \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0938 (Louis E. Brus)<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0908. \u090f\u0915\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0935 (Alexei I. Ekimov)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"958\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-3-958x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-163640\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-3-958x1024.png 958w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-3-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-3-768x821.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-3-600x641.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-3.png 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 958px) 100vw, 958px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0935\u0947\u0932 (Quantum Well)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0935\u0947\u0932 (Quantum Well)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e (Dimension)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932<\/strong> (1-100 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u0924\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f <strong>\u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 (Quantum Confinement)<\/strong> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923 (AuNPs)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e (Unique Properties)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 (1-100 nm):<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939-\u0938\u0947-\u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a <strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e <\/strong>\u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0926 (<strong>Surface Plasmon Resonance<\/strong>) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e (Biocompatibility):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u0928 (Imaging) \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092f\u093e DNA \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092a\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f: \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u0938 (Cor-AuNPs)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0938\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0902\u0917\u0938 (Cordyceps fungi)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 (<strong>\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong>) \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0924\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> (Targeted Treatment) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0921\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921 (FND)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u0928, \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u0938\u0939-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0940\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 (Gold) \u0915\u0940 <strong>1-\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0940<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e::<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0916\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0932-\u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 (2D) \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0928 (MXenes)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 <strong>MAX \u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f-\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 (2D) \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 (\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0948\u092a\u0947\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940), \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0938 (Nanozymes)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u091c, \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u091c, \u0915\u0948\u091f\u093e\u0932\u0947\u091c, \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u091c) \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f <strong>\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 <strong>2007<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940 (Fe\u2083O\u2084 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 pH \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 <strong>\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 <strong>\u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0915\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940:<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e:<\/strong> ROS-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>NANOPTA (\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0928\u092e-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0925\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0928\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0925\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u091c \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> pH \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935-\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0921\u094b\u092a\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0902\u0938<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0930<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 &lt; 5 mm \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 <strong>&lt; 100 nm<\/strong> \u0939\u094b, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0925\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0924\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-00b0fdf059e0b021e3ec9ff7c1808ba9\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>CalBots \u2013 \u0926\u093e\u0901\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 (IISc), \u092c\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0941\u0930\u0941<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0925\u0947\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0949\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091f \u0932\u093f\u092e\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0901\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e (Tooth Sensitivity) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u0935 <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092c\u0949\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 400 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (nm)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Mechanism)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 (dentinal tubules) \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0915\u0930, \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 &#8216;\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0917&#8217; (\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e, \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 (Nano Fertilizer)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0938) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u0924\u0930\u0932)\/Nano Urea Liquid<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> 2022 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092e\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0921 (IFFCO) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b 50% \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 &lt; 100 nm \u2192 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 ( \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092a\u0940 (\u0924\u0930\u0932)\/Nano DAP (Liquid)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> 2023 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IFFCO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f-\u0906\u0917\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928:<\/strong> 8% \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 (N) \u0914\u0930 16% \u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0938 (P\u2082O\u2085)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 &lt; 100 nm, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> 90% \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 (\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 30\u201340% \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0918\u093e\u091f\u0928 <strong>\u0915\u0932\u094b\u0932, \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u0928\u0917\u0930 (\u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u093e\u0924)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 (Urea Gold)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>27 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2023<\/strong> \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0908 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 (\u0917\u0902\u0927\u0915)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 (Coated) \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0940 <strong>IFFCO<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 (\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 + \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930) \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e (NUE)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (IFFCO)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0940\u092e-\u0932\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Neem-<\/strong><strong>coated Urea)<\/strong><\/td><td>2015 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e<\/td><td>\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 &#8216;\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924&#8217; (<strong>Slow release<\/strong>) \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Nano Urea)<\/strong><\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 (Urea Gold)<\/strong><\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 (\u0917\u0902\u0927\u0915) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 <strong>\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 (Fortified)<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915 (Universal disinfectant)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928 (Composition):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e <strong>10 ppm \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u091a\u093f\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0928 (Chitosan)<\/strong> \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> <strong>IIT \u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>AIIMS \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 <\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 2025 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> IIT \u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 BHU (\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0938 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u0926\u0928 (Advanced Filtration)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\/\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u092a\u0947\u092f\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b \u0921\u0940\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0930 (Pusa Bio Decomposer)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u0938\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b \u0921\u0940\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (<strong>ICAR<\/strong>) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0915\u0935\u0915-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 (Fungi-based)<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b \u0921\u0940\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u094b\u0902 (\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0932\u0940) \u0915\u094b 15-20 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 <\/strong>\u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940-NCR \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u201c\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0915\u092a\u201d \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 (PTT)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> INST \u092e\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0932\u0940, IIT \u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Mechanism):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0915\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (NIR)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u2192 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2192 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (Heat)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2192 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d (Advantages)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928-\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>&#8216;\u0928\u0947\u091a\u0930&#8217; \u091c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0932<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e (Nanoarchaeosomes)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e: IIT \u092e\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Mechanism):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 (Biocompatible)<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0930\u0938\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d (Advantages)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u2192 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940-\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0926\u093e\u0916\u093f\u0932; \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0932 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (NanoSniff)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 IIT-\u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0928\u0947 <strong>&#8216;\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092b\u0930&#8217;<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 (Explosive Trace Detector &#8211; ETD)<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0936\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938 (Nanoshells)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0915\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0930 (Dielectric core)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e) \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u0932 <\/strong>(\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Absorb) \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 (Scatter) \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 (PTT):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 (NIR) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091a\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0902\u092c\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 &#8216;\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930:<\/strong> \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-8e57f371f5fed30055f53ead7c423167\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u0942 (Grey Goo)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f <\/strong>\u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Self-replicating) \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-123-1024x853.png\" alt=\"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \" class=\"wp-image-163758\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-123-1024x853.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-123-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-123-768x640.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-123-600x500.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-123.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-f096cec72a5c469924abb9f2948ef576\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Development of Nanotechnology in India)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 <strong>2001<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DST)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 <strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932 (NSTI)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 60 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0938\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (2002-2007)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 &#8216;\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928&#8217; (<strong>NSTM<\/strong>) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, <strong>2007<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 <strong>DST<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> &#8216;\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926&#8217; (NMC) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u0938\u0940.\u090f\u0928.\u0906\u0930. \u0930\u093e\u0935<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915-\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 (<strong>PPP<\/strong>) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 (2007\u20132012):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923 (2012\u20132017):<\/strong> \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928:<\/strong> \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 31 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a, 2017 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (NPNST)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0939\u0932: \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u0915\u0941\u0932\u093e (\u0939\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0923\u093e)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932 2006 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0923\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0924\u093e <strong>\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> (\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0930\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u090f) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u0942\u091c\u093c\u094c \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u091a\u0940\u0928<\/strong>) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093f (UNNATI &#8211; ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b (ISRO)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a:<\/strong> <strong>2019<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 (<strong>UNISPACE+50<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0905\u0938\u0947\u0902\u092c\u0932\u0940, \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ICANN 2025 (IIT \u0917\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093e\u091f\u0940, 12\u201314 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930, 2025)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 &#8216;\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940&#8217; \u092a\u0930 <strong>9\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925, \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/strong>, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, <strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong>, \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930, \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\/\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0941\u0907\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ICNAN 2025 (VIT, \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 &#8216;\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940&#8217; \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941:<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f (Current Updates)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091a\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 <strong>3 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (3nm)<\/strong> \u091a\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d <strong>\u0928\u094b\u090f\u0921\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-124-1024x572.png\" alt=\"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \" class=\"wp-image-163760\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-124-1024x572.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-124-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-124-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-124-600x335.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image-124.png 1376w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 RAS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f : \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (1\u2013100 nm) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":0,"parent":161792,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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