{"id":162076,"date":"2026-04-16T12:17:50","date_gmt":"2026-04-16T06:47:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=162076"},"modified":"2026-04-17T13:14:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T07:44:07","slug":"genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u092e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d 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.kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id162076_fd1a9d-0d .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-4bb5039604d07589f70479ad35026346\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/strong>, \u0926\u0939\u0940, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921, \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0928 (\u092e\u0926\u093f\u0930\u093e) \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Vaccines) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Genetic Engineering):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (<strong>DNA \u0914\u0930 RNA<\/strong>) \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 (Host organisms)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a (Phenotype\/Traits)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Bioprocess Engineering):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0939\u0940\u0928 (\u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915\/\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong>, <strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/strong>, <strong>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/strong>) \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Biotechnology Areas)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> (Blue Biotechnology)<\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u091c\u0932-\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u0908 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> (Green Biotechnology)<\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u091c\u0940\u0928\u0940 (Transgenic)\/\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0909\u092a\u091c, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> (Red Biotechnology)<\/td><td><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u0938\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938), \u091f\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> (White Biotechnology)<\/td><td><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (ATP)&nbsp;\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0923 (\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u091a\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930)\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0918\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932, \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e (Plant Cell vs Animal Cell)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 (\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923, <strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u094b\u091c<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948) + \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 (Cell membrane) \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e (Vacuole)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u090f\u0915\u0932 <strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> (\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0932\u0935\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 (\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924)<\/td><td>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930, \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923)<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916)<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0913\u0932\u094d\u0938 (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0915\u093e\u092f)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 (\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930)<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924, <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0940 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935)<\/td><td>\u092a\u0930\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0940 (\u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e60546122f948c8bed66c6970f57e744\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940:<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f (Heredity)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e (Variation)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 &#8216;\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938&#8217; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <strong>\u092c\u0947\u091f\u0938\u0928 (1905)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 (Gene):<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0928 DNA \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 (\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 19,000-25,000 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932:<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 <strong>T (\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u092a\u0928)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>t (\u092c\u094c\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Chromosome)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902, DNA \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0927\u093e\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0917\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>46 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b <strong>23 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a (Genotype):<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 DNA \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a (Phenotype):<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917, \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e: <\/strong>\u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0923\u0941 (Sugar Molecule):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (Phosphate Group):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0915 (Nitrogenous Base):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0942\u091f (\u0915\u094b\u0921) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u090f\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0940\u0928 (A), \u0917\u0941\u0906\u0928\u0940\u0928 (G), \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0940\u0928 (C)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0915:<\/strong> \u0925\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0940\u0928 (T) (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 DNA \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0932 (U) (\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 RNA \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DNA:<\/strong> \u0921\u0940\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RNA:<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image72-8-610x1024.webp\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology\" class=\"wp-image-161987\" style=\"width:auto;height:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image72-8-610x1024.webp 610w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image72-8-179x300.webp 179w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image72-8-768x1290.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image72-8-600x1008.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image72-8.webp 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"628\" height=\"833\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image53-8.webp\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology\" class=\"wp-image-161989\" style=\"width:auto;height:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image53-8.webp 628w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image53-8-226x300.webp 226w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image53-8-600x796.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image69-5-1024x683.png\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology\" class=\"wp-image-161992\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image69-5-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image69-5-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image69-5-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image69-5-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image69-5.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>DNA (\u0921\u0940\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>RNA (\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u0940\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u091c<\/td><td>\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u091c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915-\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0921\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0928 (A),\u0925\u093e\u0907\u092e\u093f\u0928 (T), \u0917\u0941\u0906\u0928\u093f\u0928 (G) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0928 (C)<\/td><td>A, U, G, C (\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0925\u093e\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/td><td>\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f, \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/td><td>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 (\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 -OH \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923), \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Replication)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>DNA \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (mtDNA) \/ \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> (\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, <strong>\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0915\u0940\u092f (Double-stranded)<\/strong> \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 16,500 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e; \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 37 \u091c\u0940\u0928)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong><strong>(37)<\/strong><\/td><td>13 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 (\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092b\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928) + 22 tRNAs + 2 rRNAs (\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923)\u0964 (\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 mRNA \u2192 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f <\/strong>\u2192 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 (\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (ATP), <strong>\u0909\u092a\u093e\u092a\u091a\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928<\/strong>, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0928, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u090f\u092a\u094b\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0938 (<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>&#8211; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e, \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f)\u0964- <strong>\u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u2192 \u2192 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>&#8211; \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 (Coding) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>&#8211; \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u2192 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0932\u0947\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, MELAS)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943 \u0935\u0902\u0936, \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u092e\u0942\u0928\u0947), \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0909\u092e\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (Dark DNA and Junk DNA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f:<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e (\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 (\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939&nbsp; <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f:<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092c \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e (\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0917\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932-\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (cfDNA)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_fa1dad-e3{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_fa1dad-e3 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_fa1dad-e3 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_fa1dad-e3 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_fa1dad-e3 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_fa1dad-e3\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_83dc9b-6a\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_ad7b7e-cd\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_344315-e9\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_38e580-62\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_51ea72-31\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_34ac5e-a8\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u092e\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0932\u093e\u0930, <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u092e\u0947\u0930\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\/Cerebrospinal fluid<\/strong>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_2fe5c8-83\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_63616b-92\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_d60b3f-df\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u092f\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u090f\u092a\u094b\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0938 (<\/strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941) \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0938 (<\/strong>\u091a\u094b\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941\/\u090a\u0924\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_6e93ca-3b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_ea40e7-6f\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_8fd9d8-8b\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924, <strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/strong> \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>\u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_c41e08-d1\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_9055f0-44\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_5b6655-96\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 <strong>\u201c\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u201d<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u091f\u094b-\u0907\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 cfDNA \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_b9d808-0d\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_0e1efe-83\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_6f6a43-ab\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0935-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (NIPT):<\/strong> \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0911\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0940):<\/strong> \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e:<\/strong> \u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 cfDNA \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>mRNA (\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (<strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928\/\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/strong>) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092a\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>tRNA (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928&nbsp; \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mRNA \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 (\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938 &#8211; 3 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0949\u0928<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>rRNA (\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (<strong>\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u2013 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, 2024 (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u0935\u0915\u0941\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_f7b5cc-9f{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_f7b5cc-9f th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_f7b5cc-9f caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_f7b5cc-9f td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_f7b5cc-9f wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_f7b5cc-9f\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_bf9c8d-3b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_123272-cd\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_d3c8a7-b9\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>MicroRNA \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 (Post-transcriptional) \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_39f673-0b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_999913-70\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_a63e56-7f\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 (Transcription<\/strong> &#8211; mRNA \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Translation<\/strong> &#8211; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>mRNA \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 mRNA \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RNA-\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 (RBPs):<\/strong> mRNA \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094bRNAs (miRNAs) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0949\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 RNAs (siRNAs):<\/strong> \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 mRNA \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_c2c6f6-d2\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_afcbb6-09\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 (microRNA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_d18aa8-51\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e <strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f<\/strong> \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mRNA \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e mRNA \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 (\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u2192 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 (DNA \u2192 RNA \u2192 Protein)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5-1024x413.webp\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology\" class=\"wp-image-161995\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5-1024x413.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5-300x121.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5-768x310.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5-1536x620.webp 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5-600x242.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image101-5.webp 1858w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>: \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f<\/strong> (DNA) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/strong> (Functional proteins) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928)&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 (Nucleus)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> mRNA, \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e: <strong>RNA \u092a\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong> \u0928\u0935-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 mRNA (\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f) \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u2192 <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f (Cytoplasm)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0928 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928) <\/strong>(\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e <\/strong>\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e mRNA \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>tRNA \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f (tRNA)<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f <strong>\u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092e \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong> \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092a\u0947\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"392\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1-1024x392.webp\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology\" class=\"wp-image-161997\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1-1024x392.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1-300x115.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1-768x294.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1-1536x589.webp 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1-600x230.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image41-10-1.webp 1936w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 (Genome Sequencing)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902<strong> \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 (A, T, C, G) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e (Genome)<\/strong>: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f<\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e<\/strong> = 23 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>3 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 (WGS)<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0938 (A, T, C, G) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_59f660-aa{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_59f660-aa th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_59f660-aa caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_59f660-aa td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_59f660-aa wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_59f660-aa\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_7bd4e2-24\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_691f88-8f\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \/ \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e667ea-ea\">\n\n<p> <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \/ \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_6d2cac-ff\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_d168dd-22\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>(1990-2003)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_03a21a-02\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0928 (Decoding)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_1ac581-5c\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_9b0e28-88\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u091c\u0947\u0928 (IndiGen)<\/strong><strong>(2019)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_34a624-37\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>CSIR (\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0932 <strong>2019<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 2019 \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 <strong>\u0928\u0943\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 <strong>1029<\/strong> \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_3a503a-3f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_8a782d-dd\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>(2020-2023)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_02ca56-be\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DBT)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 10,000 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 <\/strong>\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong> (\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 &#8211; <strong>\u092b\u0930\u0940\u0926\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0939\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0923\u093e<\/strong>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 <\/strong>\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_db0425-67\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_b6db76-83\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0928 \u0921\u0947 \u0935\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0907\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 (One Day One Genome Initiative)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_582642-3e\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (BIRAC)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (Bacterial species)<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_fcdb4a-e3\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_3291c1-63\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u094b\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u091f\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u094b\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0930 (T2T) \u0915\u0902\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_3f525b-f5\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u091a\u0947 <strong>8% \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_9255a1-48\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_89082f-fc\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0917\u0909 (INDIGAU)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_0460c8-6e\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 (\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u0935\u0902\u0936) \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 SNP \u091a\u093f\u092a<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_fea3e5-c2\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_027260-81\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_abfa59-22\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_19e53b-7a\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_562995-9f\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092a\u0935\u0947\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f DeepVariant: \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0906\u0908<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_55a6c6-89\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0906\u0908 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0925\u094d\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_4b7a84-08\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_09b464-23\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u092b\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 (AlphaFold) (\u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_3c486b-5b\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0906\u0908 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/strong> \u091c\u094b <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091f\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0913\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0932\u093e\u091f\u093e (Tmesipteris oblanceolata)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_11dca9-c3{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_11dca9-c3 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_11dca9-c3 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_11dca9-c3 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_11dca9-c3 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_11dca9-c3\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_1c0b56-b7\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_20296e-5c\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_55946d-d6\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092b\u0930\u094d\u0928 (Fern)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e (Largest genome)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 50 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 160 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_ad3699-01\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_2299d6-28\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_912d57-d5\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u2192 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935 <strong>\u0905\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (Non-functional)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 (Redundant) \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e (Inefficient)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_66ddf7-e2\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_200bdf-4a\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0940-\u0935\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 (C-value Paradox)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_6f996f-15\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 (Correlation) \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0915\u0942\u091f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (Non-coding DNA)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0907\u0938 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u0940-\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0938 (C-value Paradox)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-21ad9147a9f9f7bb623672a060cfa5d1\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Gene Editing)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c\/\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (Recombinant DNA Technology)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong>: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e\u094b\u0902 (Restriction enzymes)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- EcoRI) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928:<\/strong> \u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c \u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 (PCR) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 (\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f:<\/strong> \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0917\u0947\u091c \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0924\u093f\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (Transformation) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928:<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0902 (markers) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Downstream Processing):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928) \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image79-3-1-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162002\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image79-3-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image79-3-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image79-3-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image79-3-1-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image79-3-1.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Tools of rDNA Technology)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_f23afa-2a{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_f23afa-2a th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_f23afa-2a caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_f23afa-2a td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_f23afa-2a wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_f23afa-2a\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_42a22c-10\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_6b7e2d-a5\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \/ \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_84155c-a2\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \/ \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_dd60ca-f6\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_eb2050-ca\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_c7a272-d3\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u091a\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 DNA \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (Palindromic Sequence)<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a II (Type II) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: EcoRI, HindIII)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> DNA \u0915\u094b <strong>Sticky Ends<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>Blunt Ends<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_e9fdcb-d7\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_dc54c8-f7\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0917\u0947\u091c\u093c (DNA Ligase)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_63f349-a3\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>&#8216;\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0926&#8217; (Molecular glue)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 (Molecular Stitcher) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 <strong>\u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0921\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Strands) \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Vectors) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_bb4ffe-6b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_3dfb60-98\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 (Vectors)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_ddc9d0-d2\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926\/\u092e\u0947\u091c\u092c\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 (Host cells) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 &#8216;\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915&#8217; (Vehicles) \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0921 (Plasmids):<\/strong> \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: pBR322, pUC19\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941\u092d\u094b\u091c\u0940 (Bacteriophages): <\/strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u03bb \u092b\u0947\u091c (Lambda phage), M13 \u092b\u0947\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0921 (Cosmids):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941\u092d\u094b\u091c\u0940 (\u092b\u0947\u091c) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 (Hybrid) \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f: <strong>BACs<\/strong> (\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930) \u0914\u0930 <strong>YACs<\/strong> (\u092f\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915:<\/strong><strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/strong> (Expression vectors &#8211; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f), <strong>\u0936\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/strong> (Shuttle vectors &#8211; \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_03fe01-0d\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_428815-5e\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926\/\u092e\u0947\u091c\u092c\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935 (Host Organisms)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_9017f6-91\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0908. \u0915\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<\/strong><strong><em>E. coli<\/em><\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f (<\/strong><strong><em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/em><\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915&nbsp; (Eukaryotic) \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> <em>\u090f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u092b\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0938<\/em> (<em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/em>) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 CHO \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_e35748-d2\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_a0e664-6f\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \/ \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_8da3df-64\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0926 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (Transformation)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 \/ \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091b\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Electroporation)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 (Microinjection)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0928\/\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 (Gene gun\/Biolistics)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_6ed130-6f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_1e4c45-9d\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0932\u0928 (Gel Electrophoresis)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_576e68-7c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Size)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Purification) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_70441c-fe\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_a90e00-41\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c (DNA Polymerase)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_24f984-d7\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u090f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0930\u091c\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 <strong>\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e (Molecular Builder)<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (PCR)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u091a\u0930\u0918\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0940 (Exponentially)<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u091f\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u0947\u091c\u093c (Taq polymerase)<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 (sequencing) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_9f1647-ca\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_6fef08-e5\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \/ \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_79d3f8-9c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0915\u0948\u09389 (CRISPR-Cas9):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 RNA-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092b\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c (ZFNs)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0947\u091f\u0930-\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u0907\u092b\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c (TALENs):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c (Mega nucleases):<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MAGE (\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917):<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Multiplex editing) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c (Site Directed Endonuclease &#8211; SDN)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SDN \u092e\u0947\u0902, &#8216;\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u090f\u091c&#8217; \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SDN 1 \u0914\u0930 2:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0928 (Alien gene)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f <strong>SDN 3<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SDN 1 \u0914\u0930 2 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0915\u0948\u09389 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (CRISPR-Cas9 Technology)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0947\u0917\u0941\u0932\u0930\u0932\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0921 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0938 (CRISPR)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u09389 (Cas9): \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 9<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cas9 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b CRISPR \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u091a\u0940<\/strong> (molecular scissors) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cas9 + \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921 RNA<\/strong> \u2192 <strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 (Defective genes)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u090f \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>#\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> Cas9 \u0914\u0930 Cas12 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>ISDra2TnpB<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u092f\u0939 <em>\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094b\u0915\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0902\u0938 <\/em>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 &#8211; \u091c\u094b <strong>\u091a\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image35-8-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology\" class=\"wp-image-162006\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image35-8-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image35-8-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image35-8-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image35-8-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image35-8.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f CRISPR-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 2021 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0908\u0906\u0930 (CSIR) <\/strong>\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947<strong> \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0907\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CRISPR-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CSIR \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f \u0911\u092b \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/strong>\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 CRISPR-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0928\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932:&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong><em>\u0908. \u0915\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>(<em>E. coli<\/em>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (Monoclonal antibodies)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 (Vaccines)<\/strong>: \u0939\u0947\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e (\u092f\u0940\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924)\u0964 HIV, \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u091f\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e (Gene therapy)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>rDNA \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, CRISPR-Cas9) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f- \u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2003 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 <strong>&#8216;\u0917\u0947\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0928&#8217; (Gendicine)<\/strong> \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\/\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- HIV \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0940\u0938\u0940\u0906\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 (PCR-based) \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u2192<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e, \u0932\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u0940\u091f, \u0936\u093e\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927; \u092b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0930\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u091f\u092e\u093e\u091f\u0930 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 (GM) \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u092c\u0940\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 (\u092c\u0949\u0932\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\/\u092e\u0941\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940), <strong>\u0938\u0941\u0928\u0939\u0930\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 <\/strong>(\u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 A \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> rDNA \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935-\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Biofortification)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 (Edible vaccines)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/strong>: <strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b-\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0949\u0932 (Bio-butanol) \u2192<\/strong> \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0932\u0940\u0928 (\u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b (\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u092f\u0941) \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0915\u093f\u0923\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 <\/strong>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u091c\u093c (\u092a\u0928\u0940\u0930), \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091f (\u0926\u0939\u0940), \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u091b\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u094b\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Bioremediation):<\/strong> \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 (\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921) \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">1. <strong>\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 (Traits)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (DNA) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u091c \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 (CRISPR), \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0940\u091f (Pest) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927, \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902: \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_3c3888-07{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_3c3888-07 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_3c3888-07 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_3c3888-07 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_3c3888-07 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_3c3888-07\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_e48654-62\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_b2015e-6d\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_291b28-04\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902: \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_795b40-03\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_477a54-26\">\n\n<p><strong>Bt \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 (Bt Cotton)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_8277f0-38\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 <strong>\u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 (GM) \u092b\u0938\u0932<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 I \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 II \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0905\u092c <strong>\u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0921\u0940 (\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092c\u0949\u0932\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e &#8211; PBW)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f (GEAC)<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u090f \u092c\u0940\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>Cry2Ai \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_cd78be-41\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_4f0f67-e9\">\n\n<p><strong>HTBT \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 (\u0936\u093e\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_0adaa4-0d\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 Soil Bacterium) \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\u094b\u0938\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940 (Herbicide) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 (Resistant) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\u094b\u0938\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0936\u093e\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940 (\u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 <strong>WHO<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>&#8216;\u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915&#8217;<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_2f74eb-76\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_4946e3-b0\">\n\n<p><strong>Bt \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928 (Bt Brinjal)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_49f41b-11\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bt \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0915\u094b \u092e\u094b\u0928\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094b \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e <strong>\u092c\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0932\u0938 \u0925\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0938<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 <strong>Bt \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> (<strong>cry1Ac<\/strong>) \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e-\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e <strong>cry1Ac \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092b\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902<\/strong> <strong>\u0924\u0928\u093e \u091b\u0947\u0926\u0915 \u0915\u0940\u091f (Fruit and Shoot Borer)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_880920-7e\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_7e2b89-ba\">\n\n<p><strong>GM \u0930\u092c\u0930 (GM Rubber)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_b744f8-7e\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0930\u092c\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e <strong>\u0905\u0938\u092e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 <strong>\u0930\u092c\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0915\u094b\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092f\u092e (\u0915\u0947\u0930\u0932)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e (Trait): \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>MnSOD \u091c\u0940\u0928&nbsp; <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_9ce2f4-d7\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_4eac0f-26\">\n\n<p><strong>GM \u0938\u094b\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_318b45-d9\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0906\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0941\u091f (Poultry)<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930<\/strong> <strong>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0938\u094b\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e (<strong>USA \u0938\u0947<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_9cccd6-3b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_6cf6a0-0b\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f GM \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_20679f-e1\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091c\u094b\u092c\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 <strong>\u092b\u0932\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 <strong>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Nitrogen fixation)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_08a57f-76\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_bb5578-9b\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0928\u0939\u0930\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932\/<\/strong><strong>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_a24f97-5e\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 A<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0948\u092b\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 2 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 1 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092c\u0940\u091f\u093e-\u0915\u0948\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 A \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 (Precursor)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_1b44d0-1b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_65ad20-26\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 (Edible Vaccines)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_9f9f82-fe\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0928\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, <strong>\u0939\u0948\u091c\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094b\u0938\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924, <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 mRNA \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_d45e93-0f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_2312c5-9c\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0948\u091f\u094b (Protato)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_95a5aa-85\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930 GM \u0906\u0932\u0942<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0932\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 60% \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>DMH-11 (\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>GEAC (\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f) \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0938\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 &#8216;\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0923\u093e&#8217; <\/strong>(Barnase Line) \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0940\u0930\u093e-2 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f <\/strong>(Barstar Line) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941, <strong>&#8216;\u092c\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0932\u0938 \u090f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u092b\u093e\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0938&#8217;<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923\u0940\u092f<\/strong> (Self-pollinating) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0938\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 (\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921) \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0915 (Plant Breeders) \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d (Benefits)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 20\u201330% \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0926\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\/\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 (Issues)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u093e\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092b\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u091f-\u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0940 (Herbicide) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 (\u0938\u0939\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941) \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\u094b\u0938\u0947\u091f, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0936\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0906\u0936\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 <strong>\u092e\u0927\u0941\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0916\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u091f\u092e\u093e\u091f\u0930 (Flavr Savr Tomato)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u0930 \u091f\u092e\u093e\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935 (GMO) \u092b\u0938\u0932<\/strong> \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>Calgene Inc.<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>1994<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0947\u091c\u093c \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u091f\u092e\u093e\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u091f\u092e\u093e\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e (Firmness) \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Texture) \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0915\u0947 \u091f\u092e\u093e\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937\u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/h5>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_017af6-4f{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_017af6-4f th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_017af6-4f caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_017af6-4f td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_017af6-4f wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_017af6-4f\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_20612f-ba\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e4b794-cc\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \/ \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_694664-c4\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_b78231-c9\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_4c464d-2c\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e284f6-83\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DRR Rice 100 (\u0915\u092e\u0932\u093e)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0938\u0942\u0930\u0940<\/strong> (BPT 5204) \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CKX2<\/strong> (\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093f\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0921\u0947\u091c 2) \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924: <strong>ICAR\u2013IIRR<\/strong> (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928), <strong>\u0939\u0948\u0926\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u0928\u0947<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 <strong>20 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 (~130 \u0926\u093f\u0928)\u0964 \u2192 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0924\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u092e \u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pusa DST Rice 1<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>MTU 1010<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ICAR-IARI<\/strong> (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928), <strong>\u0928\u0908 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0916\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 9.66% \u0938\u0947 30.4% \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 20% \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_87e662-32\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_031428-84\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_5d1425-e8\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>CRISPR-Cas \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u2192 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940: <strong>SDN 1 \u0914\u0930 2<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_3618e4-f9\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_59dcb2-ad\">\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e76687-19\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ICAR \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0937 (NASF)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_4c90a1-d9\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_946340-a4\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_75f685-ea\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 VII:<\/strong> \u0906\u0902\u0927\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0924\u0947\u0932\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915, \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941, \u092a\u0941\u0921\u0941\u091a\u0947\u0930\u0940, \u0915\u0947\u0930\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 V:<\/strong> \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0917\u0922\u093c, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 III:<\/strong> \u0913\u0921\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u091d\u093e\u0930\u0916\u0902\u0921, \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_1036fa-6b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_24509c-aa\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e86233-6f\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0926\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201c\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0938 5 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0938 10\u201d \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 50 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> <strong>\u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>10 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u091f\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: <strong>\u0926\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0924\u093f\u0932\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 (GM Crops Regulators in India)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 (\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e) \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>1986 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>GEAC (\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> (Field Trials) \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091a\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DBT) &#8211; \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094b\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (ICAR) &#8211; \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (R&amp;D) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (FSSAI)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b 2<strong>006 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 FSSAI \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f (GEAC)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1986<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f<\/strong> (Statutory Body) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f (MoEF&amp;CC)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Composition)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> MoEF&amp;CC \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0939-\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DBT) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (ICAR), \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0906\u092f\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (ICMR), \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (CCMB) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 (GMOs) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091a\u0928 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 Bt \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f<\/strong>: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 GEAC \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"780\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image91-4-1024x780.webp\" alt=\"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162014\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image91-4-1024x780.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image91-4-300x228.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image91-4-768x585.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image91-4-600x457.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image91-4.webp 1374w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"814\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image11-13-1024x814.webp\" alt=\"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162016\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image11-13-1024x814.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image11-13-300x238.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image11-13-768x610.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image11-13-600x477.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image11-13.webp 1090w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image89-5-1024x369.webp\" alt=\"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162018\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image89-5-1024x369.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image89-5-300x108.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image89-5-768x277.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image89-5-600x216.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image89-5.webp 1048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u0938\u0932<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pusa Vivek QPM 9<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928-A \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>DMRH 1308<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915&nbsp; \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0909\u092a\u091c \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Girnar 5<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0913\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u092e\u0942\u0902\u0917\u092b\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Virat (IPM 205-7)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0938 \u092e\u0942\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>IPL 220<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0926\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>JRO 524<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091c\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PSL-17<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092b\u0942\u0921 \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 (Food Fortification)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (Micronutrients) \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0942\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902,\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0947\u0939\u0942\u0901 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u2192<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 B12, \u092b\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u2192<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 A \u0914\u0930 D<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u092c\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u2192<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0921\u0940\u0928 + \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 (Fortified Rice)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong>: \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Coating), \u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Dusting), \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0942\u091c\u093c\u0928 (Extrusion)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u092c\u093f\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f (CCEA)<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong> (TPDS) \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1 \u0915\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>10 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e FRK<\/strong> (Fortified Rice Kernel) \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u091c\u0942\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u2018+F\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940: <strong>\u201cFortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12\u201d<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 (Biofortification)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f (\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e) \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0928<\/strong> (Selective Breeding) \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 <\/strong>(Genetic Engineering) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0928\u0939\u0930\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 A \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0921 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u094c\u0939-\u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u0930\u093e (Iron-rich pearl millet):<\/strong> &#8216;\u0927\u0928\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f&#8217; \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0915-\u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091a\u093e\u0935\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0947\u0939\u0942\u0901:<\/strong> ICAR (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926) \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 &#8216;DRR \u0927\u093e\u0928 45&#8217; \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0947\u0939\u0942\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e (Protein-rich maize)\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 A \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u0915\u0930\u0915\u0902\u0926 (Sweet potato)\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">2. <strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f <strong>\u0930\u094b\u0917-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (Expression) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947<strong> \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_e84465-e0{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_e84465-e0 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_e84465-e0 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_e84465-e0 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_e84465-e0 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_e84465-e0\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_9e6bf2-dd\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_f0f85b-fb\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 (Somatic Cell Gene Therapy)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_438ad2-32\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 (Germline Gene Therapy)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_2c61a5-2d\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_01452b-39\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094b\u092e\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 (Somatic Cells) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_50606c-fb\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0923\u0941<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 <strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u0932\u0949\u0917\u0938 (Autologous):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0932\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 (Allogeneic):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e (donor) \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <strong>SCID<\/strong>, <strong>\u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092b\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DBT)<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e-A<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <strong>Lentiviral Vectors<\/strong> (\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0947\u091c (CMC), \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930 (\u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0921\u0941)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e A (FVIII \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong> (Clinical Trial) \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0914\u0937\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 (USFDA) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u0917 (Sickle Cell Disease)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u094d\u0917\u0947\u0935\u0940 (Casgevy):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>CRISPR \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 &#8220;\u0915\u0948\u0902\u091a\u0940&#8221; (Molecular Scissors) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e (Lyfgenia):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 (Viral Vector)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u0917 (IRD)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940<\/strong>:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093e (Luxturna):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>RPE65 \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u090f\u0921\u0947\u0928\u094b-\u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 (AAV2) \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e (Enzyme Replacement Therapy &#8211; ERT)<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 (ERT)<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0921\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092e\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 ERT \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, <strong>\u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e (cTTP)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (Heredity) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928 (Natural Selection) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f: <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 50% \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (Gene Drive):<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Chromosomes) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 100% \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u0940\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"94\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image102-3-1.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162030\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image102-3-1.png 610w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image102-3-1-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image102-3-1-600x92.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f (Target):<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930 (\u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 (Gene):<\/strong> <strong>doublesex \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b CRISPR \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u2192 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e (Outcome): <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091d (Sterile) \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0930-\u0938\u0926\u0943\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930 \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 8 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"359\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image13-10.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162032\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image13-10.png 860w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image13-10-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image13-10-768x321.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image13-10-600x250.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c\u093e\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (Wolbachia Method)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0921\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0942<\/strong>, <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 <strong>\u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930-\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f <\/strong>\u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092c\u093e\u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 (Bacteria)<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0940\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 <strong>\u090f\u0921\u0940\u091c \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u091c\u0902\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e<\/strong> (\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0947<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e <strong>\u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928 Wolbachia \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C. <strong>\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 (mAbs)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 (\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 (substitute) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u091c\u0928<\/strong> (\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941) \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 (design) \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f (Polyvalent) \u2013 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915\u0932-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f (Monospecific) \u2013 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/td><td>\u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19, \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 mAbs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image82-3.webp\" alt=\"\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162035\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image82-3.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image82-3-300x99.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image82-3-768x254.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image82-3-600x198.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938:<\/strong> \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19:<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u094b SARS-CoV-2 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;\u2192 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u2192 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u2192 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image94-2-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-162037\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image94-2-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image94-2-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image94-2-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image94-2-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image94-2.webp 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D. <strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 (Vaccines)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Types of Vaccination)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_4e88d9-b2{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_4e88d9-b2 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_4e88d9-b2 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_4e88d9-b2 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_4e88d9-b2 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_4e88d9-b2\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_fcc0c3-da\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_cfe3dc-f1\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_f5bd71-eb\">\n\n<p> <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \/ \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_2efcc5-cc\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_952c87-74\">\n\n<p><strong>Inactivated (\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_23afa7-f6\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0943\u0924\/\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923.<strong> \u0939\u0947\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 A<\/strong>, <strong>IPV (\u0907\u0902\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e)<\/strong>, \u0930\u0947\u092c\u0940\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_b645f9-2b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_0e82f3-58\">\n\n<p><strong>Live-<\/strong><strong>attenuated (\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924- \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_2b6a69-64\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930<\/strong> (attenuated) \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0949\u0932\u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938, MMR (\u0916\u0938\u0930\u093e, \u0917\u0932\u0938\u0941\u0906, \u0930\u0942\u092c\u0947\u0932\u093e), \u0935\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0947\u0932\u093e (\u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938), \u092f\u0947\u0932\u094b \u092b\u0940\u0935\u0930, <strong>\u0913\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong>, <strong>TB<\/strong> (Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) Vaccine)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_a2e2f3-e2\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e861b4-9a\">\n\n<p><strong>mRNA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_d69bdc-f5\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/strong> (Genetic Material) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>Pfizer \u0914\u0930 Moderna \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_4c0dd8-13\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_6c8576-c1\">\n\n<p><strong>Subunit Vaccine (\u0909\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_47d091-c1\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928, \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921 (\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902<strong> \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930- \u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 (conjugate) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 (\u0905\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f) \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: <strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915<\/strong> (Recombinant) \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947: <\/strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923. Hib, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u0917, <strong>\u0939\u0947\u092a\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 B<\/strong>, \u0936\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_71c4c0-03\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_f16c33-67\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0915 (Toxoid)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_84ba88-58\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0937 (Toxin &#8211; \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926)) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>Diphtheria, Tetanus<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_ef31d5-de\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_e6ab8d-cf\">\n\n<p><strong>Viral Vector (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_9db6de-be\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 (vector) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>Covishield, Ebola, Zika Vaccines<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921 19 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ZyCoV-D (2021)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e, <strong>\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0938 \u0915\u0948\u0921\u093f\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>CORBEVAX (2022)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e, <strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0908<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>iNCOVACC (2023)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0941\u0908-\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 (Needle-free) <strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e, <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0915<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GEMCOVAC-<\/strong><strong>19 (2023)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e mRNA \u0915\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0921-19 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/strong>, <strong>\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container162076_1f3996-88{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_1f3996-88 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_1f3996-88 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table162076_1f3996-88 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container162076_1f3996-88 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table162076_1f3996-88\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_0b7574-c9\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_50d7b2-09\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_ce1072-3e\">\n\n<p>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row162076_533386-74\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_5a1e3b-4b\">\n\n<p><strong>CERVAVAC (2023)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data162076_70818b-2b\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <strong>HPV \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/strong>, <strong>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0936\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e: <strong>\u0938\u0940\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e (SII)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0947\u0902\u091f (Quadrivalent):<\/strong> HPV \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 6, 11, 16 \u0914\u0930 18 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CERVAVAC <strong>VLP (Virus-Like Particles)<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 (Mosquirix) (RTS,S\/AS01)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: <strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915<\/strong> (Recombinant) <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f: \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092b\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092a\u0947\u0930\u092e &#8211; \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> <strong>\u092a\u0930\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e: <strong>GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)<\/strong>, PATH \u0914\u0930 WHO \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0942\u0928<\/strong> <strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>R21\/\u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938-M \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930: Matrix-M adjuvant \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e: <strong>\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f + \u0938\u0940\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e (SII)<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0940 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e (M72\/AS01E)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0930\u0923-III \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Phase III trials) \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928 (Inverse Vaccine)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (Autoimmune Diseases) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <strong>Psoriatic Disease<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u091a\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u090f\u0928\u090f (saRNA): CEPI<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e-\u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938-\u0938\u092e\u0926\u0943\u0936 \u0915\u0923 (VLPs)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: HPV, COVID \u092c\u0942\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CERVAVAC<\/strong> VLP (Virus-Like Particles) \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947: <\/strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Durable Immunity) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947 (Combination Vaccines)<\/strong>: COVID + Flu + RSV \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">3. <strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Bioleaching)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941, \u0915\u0935\u0915) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0905\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Ores)<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0932\u0928 (Smelting)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Chemical leaching)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Bioremediation)<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902<\/strong> (\u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935, \u0915\u0935\u0915, \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940, \u091c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 (degrade), \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e (remove)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f (neutralize)<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 <strong>\u092d\u0942\u091c\u0932 <\/strong>\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 <\/strong>\u091a\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0947 (In situ) \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935<\/strong> (Oil spills) \u2192 Alcanivorax borkumensis \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0942\u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923<\/strong> (Groundwater contamination) \u2192 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u0928\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0947 (Ex situ) \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940, \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930:<\/strong> \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u092a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 (Bioaugmentation):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0940\u092a\u0928 (Biostimulation):<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Phytoremediation):<\/strong> \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e, \u091c\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Mycoremediation):<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-connect-civils wp-block-embed-connect-civils\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"B44HjLq96v\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/biotechnology-trends-and-applications\/\">\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&#8221; &#8212; Connect Civils\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/biotechnology-trends-and-applications\/embed\/#?secret=MQ9BWs4LR1#?secret=B44HjLq96v\" data-secret=\"B44HjLq96v\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u092e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 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