{"id":161834,"date":"2026-04-13T16:58:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T11:28:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=161834"},"modified":"2026-04-13T17:24:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T11:54:26","slug":"inheritance-and-variation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/inheritance-and-variation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 <\/a>\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u092e \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id161834_b75c49-83 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u091c\u0928\u0915<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092d\u0941\u0924 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0906\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0917\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0947\u092c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902? \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0901\u0916\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924<\/strong> \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e) \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/strong> (\u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-889d6d1846f6efeee2e5ff1dbb714cf1\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e (Inheritance \/ Heredity):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915, \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f (Physiological) \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (\u091c\u0928\u0915) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (\u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> &#8216;\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e&#8217; (Heredity) \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e <strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 <strong>1863<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e (Variation):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 (\u0938\u0939\u094b\u0926\u0930\/\u092d\u093e\u0908-\u092c\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Perfect clones) \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Evolution) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (Meiosis)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0915: \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0926\u0930\u0940<\/strong> <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f (Heredity)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f <strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u091f\u0930<\/strong> (<em>\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0938\u092e \u0938\u0948\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0935\u092e<\/em>) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0928 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong> (Cross-breeding) \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093f <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915 (Traits)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 &#8211; \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u094c\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092b\u0942\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917 &#8211; \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926) \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e?<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u092e\u091f\u0930 <strong>\u090f\u0915\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092e\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (Pure-line)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940 (Homozygous)<\/strong> \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923:<\/strong> <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0902\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (Emasculation technique)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930-\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0917\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong> \u092e\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 (Contrasting)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0932\u0940-\u092d\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0926\u094b\u0902 (Terms) \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0926<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 (\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 &#8216;\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915&#8217;)<\/strong><strong>(Genes)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (Functional unit) \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (DNA) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 (<strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u092f\u093e Locus<\/strong>) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \/ \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932<\/strong><strong>(Alleles)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Mutation)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 &#8220;\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0942\u091f (code) \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e &#8220;\u092c\u094c\u0928\u0947&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a \/ \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a<\/strong><strong>(Genotype)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0942\u091f (\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0921)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 &#8220;\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947&#8221; \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e)\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a \/ \u092b\u0940\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a<\/strong><strong>(Phenotype)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0939 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0903\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Interaction) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0935-\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940<\/strong><strong>(Homozygous)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 (\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>TT<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>tt<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940<\/strong><strong>(Heterozygous)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928) \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>Tt<\/strong>)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u091c\u0940\u0935 <strong>\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0928 (Sexually reproduce)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 &#8211; \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Law of Dominance)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 &#8211; \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 (Dominant factor)<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 &#8211; \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (<strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a\/Phenotype<\/strong>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 &#8211; \u091c\u094b <strong>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 (Recessive factor)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 &#8211; \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e <strong>\u090f\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 (Monohybrid cross)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (F1) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 &#8216;T&#8217; \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094c\u0928\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 &#8216;t&#8217; \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e (Tt) \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f &#8216;T&#8217; \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 &#8216;t&#8217; \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u092c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\/\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Law of Segregation)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 (<strong>Gametes<\/strong> &#8211; \u091c\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0923\u0941) \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 (Diploid)<\/strong> \u091c\u0928\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 (\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915) \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0905\u0932\u0917\/\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 (Segregate)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0940 &#8220;\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e&#8221; \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 <strong>F2 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940 (Heterozygous)<\/strong> \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e (Tt) \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (50% &#8216;T&#8217; \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 50% &#8216;t&#8217; \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Law of Independent Assortment)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0924\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e) \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 (Dihybrid cross)<\/strong> &#8211; \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 &#8211; \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong> F1 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a F2 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f <strong>9:3:3:1 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (Phenotypic ratio)<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 <strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0926: \u091c\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e (Incomplete Dominance) &#8211; \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0948\u092a\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u0928<\/strong> (\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a) \u092b\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0924\u093f (F1 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0942\u0932 <strong>\u0917\u0941\u0932\u093e\u092c\u0940<\/strong> \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0939-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e (Co-dominance) &#8211; &#8220;\u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0924&#8221;:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0932 (\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940) <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a (Phenotype)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 ABO \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 &#8216;A&#8217; \u0914\u0930 &#8216;B&#8217; \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 &#8216;AB&#8217; \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 &#8220;C&#8221; \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e), \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 &#8216;A&#8217; \u0914\u0930 &#8216;B&#8217; \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u091c\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Polygenic Traits) &#8211; \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 (<strong>\u090f\u0915\u091c\u0940\u0928\u0940<\/strong>)\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f <strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908, \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 &#8220;\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e&#8221; \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u0908 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, <strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923) \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e (Pleiotropy \/ \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0913\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0915\u0947\u0932\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 <strong>\u0909\u092a\u093e\u092a\u091a\u092f\u0940 (Metabolic) \u092a\u0925<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <strong>\u092b\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Phenylketonuria &#8211; PKU)<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u0926\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-006a63160bbc7c84efe0103e4d470261\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940 &#8211; \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941 <strong>\u0928\u0930 (Male)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u092f\u093e <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e (Female)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e (\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940):<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <strong>XX<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0930 (\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937):<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <strong>XY<\/strong>\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Y \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930, X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e (Ovum)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, <strong>\u0928\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941<\/strong> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0906\u0927\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 Y \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f <strong>X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 (Fertilize)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e <strong>XX<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e\/\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f <strong>Y \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e <strong>XY<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0928\u0930\/\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e (\u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e) \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e 50% \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0938 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u0902\u0915 (\u0930\u0942\u0922\u093c\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941 (\u0932\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0937 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78.jpg\" alt=\"\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-161837\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-768x419.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/image78-600x328.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0927\u0941\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0916\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0927\u0941\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0916\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 (\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f) \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e (\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921<\/strong> (\u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u092f\u0928) \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 (Diploid)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 32 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0930 (\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0915\u091c\u0928\u0928 (Parthenogenesis)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0905\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 (Haploid)<\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 16 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0905\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 <strong>\u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (Mitosis)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f (Sex Determination Mechanisms)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>XO \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u0930 (\u0905\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 + XO)<\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>XX \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u090f\u0915 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 (XO)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; Y \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u091f\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0921\u0947 (Grasshoppers)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>XY \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u0930 (\u0905\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 + XY)<\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>XX<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>XY \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Y \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 X \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\/\u092b\u0932 \u092e\u0915\u094d\u0916\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ZW \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e (\u0905\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 + ZW)<\/td><td>\u0928\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>ZZ<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>ZW \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0917\u0948\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924-\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 (Haplodiploid)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 (N\/A)<\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0930 (\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928) \u0905\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0915\u091c\u0928\u0928<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0937\u0947\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (Mitosis) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u092e\u0927\u0941\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0916\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-123174a357079047069c7bed91d50507\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Mutation)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 <strong>\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a (Genotype)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0930\u0942\u092a (Phenotype)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (Recombination)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925-\u0938\u093e\u0925, \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u2192 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Evolution)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092f\u0928 (Natural selection)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0916\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\/\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0925\u0928 (Aberrations)<\/strong> \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Gene Mutation \/ Point mutation)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e \/ \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e-\u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928: <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u092f\u093e <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 <strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Translation)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0902 (Codons)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0920\u0928 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e (Reading frame) \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Chromosomal Mutation)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Structural changes):<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928<\/strong>, <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928<\/strong>, <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0928<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>\u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Numerical changes):<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0938\u0941\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0907\u0921\u0940 (Aneuploidy):<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 21\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e (Trisomy) 21<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924\u093e (Polyploidy):<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f (Set) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e UV \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong>) \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Genetic Disorders)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940, \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928)<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0924\u093e (\u0932\u093e\u0932-\u0939\u0930\u093e):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0947\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>X-\u0938\u0939\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (X-linked recessive disorder)<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u094b\u0902) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 0.4%) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 8% \u0928\u0930) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 &#8220;\u092c\u0948\u0915\u0905\u092a&#8221; X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u092b\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 &#8220;\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u094b\u0917&#8221; (Bleeder&#8217;s disease) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u091c\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (Blood Clotting)<\/strong> \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u091f \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 <strong>X-\u0938\u0939\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932-\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 HBB \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091f\u093e-\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928 (\u0939\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 <strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 (RBCs)<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0901\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0947 (Sickle\/\u0926\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>\u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (Phenylketonuria &#8211; PKU):<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 (Autosomal recessive) \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u090f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 <strong>\u092b\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u094b <strong>\u091f\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0928 (tyrosine)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0930\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u0926\u0924\u093e <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0925\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0940\u091f\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e <\/strong>\u0939\u0948 (\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03b1 \u0925\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 16 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928 HBA1 \u0914\u0930 HBA2 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03b2 \u0925\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 11 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0928 HBB \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0938\u0941\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924\u093e (Aneuploidy):<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 (\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- <strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\/Trisomy<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u090f\u0915\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e\/Monosomy<\/strong>)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0917\u0941\u0923\u093f\u0924\u093e (Polyploidy):<\/strong> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f (Set) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e (\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a\/\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e<\/strong><strong>(Down Syndrome)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 21 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0949\u092e\u0940<\/strong> \u2192 (47, XX \u092f\u093e XY, +21)<\/td><td>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0926, \u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0930, \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\/\u092e\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u092d, \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0925\u0947\u0932\u0940 (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091c\u093c\/\u0939\u0925\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u0940\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948), \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u0926\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092b\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e<\/strong><strong>(Klinefelter Syndrome)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u2192 (47, XXY)<\/td><td>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Gynaecomastia)<\/strong>, \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091d\u092a\u0928&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e<\/strong><strong>(Turner Syndrome)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u090f\u0915 X \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong> \u2192 (45, XO)<\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0902\u091d \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, <strong>\u0905\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0936\u092f<\/strong>, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0915 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u092e \u0935\u0902\u0936\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":161792,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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