{"id":159666,"date":"2026-01-13T15:36:28","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T10:06:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=159666"},"modified":"2026-03-20T16:42:23","modified_gmt":"2026-03-20T11:12:23","slug":"acid-rain-and-loss-of-biodiversity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/world-geography-prelims\/acid-rain-and-loss-of-biodiversity\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/world-geography-prelims\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 <\/a>\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159666_f95ef1-e9 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-6972b76464ad78981fdd62af7ba15d8e\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (SO\u2082) \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (NO\u2082) \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0928\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 60-90% \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e H\u2082SO\u2084 (\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u0925\u093e 30-40% HNO\u2083 (\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SO\u2082 + H\u2082O \u2192 H\u2082SO\u2084 (\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NO\u2082 + H\u2082O \u2192 HNO\u2083 (\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e pH \u092e\u093e\u0928 5 \u0938\u0947 2.5 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u091f\u0938\u094d\u0925 pH 7 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0928 (H\u207a) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f &#8211; <\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e pH \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 5.6 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e pH \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 4.2 \u0938\u0947 4.4 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (US EPA, 2019)\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"711\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image3-1-1-1024x711.webp\" alt=\"Acid Rain &amp; Loss of Biodiversity | \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923\" class=\"wp-image-154740\" style=\"width:546px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image3-1-1-1024x711.webp 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image3-1-1-300x208.webp 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image3-1-1-768x533.webp 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image3-1-1-600x417.webp 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image3-1-1.webp 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 NO\u2082, SO\u2082, NO, CO \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SO\u2082 \u0914\u0930 NO\u2082 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924-<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928, \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u091c\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u094b\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0939\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f (\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0917) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940: <\/strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u092f\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 8% \u0935\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/strong>\u091d\u0940\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e\u0930\u092e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u091c\u092e\u0939\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>SO\u2082 \u0914\u0930 NO\u2082 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0917 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0932 \u091f\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e: <\/strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0935\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0942\u0928\u093e (CaCO\u2083) \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 &#8211;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (LRTAP) &#8211; 1979<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 (UNECE) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0920 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e (1986) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u090f\u0928\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938&nbsp; (2000) &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (NO\u2093) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 (VOCs) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-bcc376cfe7291553f8c4da4ad1c61b72\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e &#8211;<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 &#8211;<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927, \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u091c\u0932, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0927\u0941\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908, \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u093e\u0908, \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0918 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e (\u0916\u0930\u092a\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, CO\u2082 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (CBD) 1992<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2002<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 2003 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (NBA) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094b\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 (2010)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (CBD) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>COP 16 (\u0915\u0948\u0932\u0940 + \u0930\u094b\u092e)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>COP16 (CBD \u2013 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928): <\/strong>21 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 \u2013 1 \u0928\u0935\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0930 2024, \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0940 (\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u0928\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917\u2013\u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 (KMGBF) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 25\u201327 \u092b\u0930\u0935\u0930\u0940 2025 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f (Resource Mobilization Strategy)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2030 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 200 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 2025 \u0924\u0915 20 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u0924\u0925\u093e 2030 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 30 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930(Sustainable Finance Mechanism)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (PMRR Framework)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Planning, Monitoring, Reporting &amp; Review &#8211; PMRR) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u0902\u0921 (Digital Sequence Information)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>25 \u092b\u0930\u0935\u0930\u0940 2025 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u092e\u094d\u092d\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 50% \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f IPLCs, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0937 \u0915\u0940 50% \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 (IPLCs), \u092e\u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>COP 17<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e 17\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (CBD COP 17) 19 \u0938\u0947 30 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 2026 \u0924\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092c\u0928 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":0,"parent":159252,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-159666","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f, \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0935 COP-16 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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