{"id":159600,"date":"2026-01-13T15:55:50","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T10:25:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=159600"},"modified":"2026-03-20T15:53:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-20T10:23:28","slug":"greenhouse-effect-global-warming-and-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/world-geography-prelims\/greenhouse-effect-global-warming-and-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/world-geography-prelims\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u091c \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id159600_56dc36-54 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-c1f74d464eb70633aad244dc4ffb0032\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0924\u092c \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e (\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 [\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935]\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 [\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935]\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-159601\" style=\"width:516px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-100x100.jpg 100w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image41.jpg 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 (\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e &#8211;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917&#8221; \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1975 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f (1850-1900) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 13.7\u00b0C \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2024 \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 14.8\u00b0C \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b 1.1\u00b0C \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IPCC \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0914\u0938\u0924\u0928 0.2\u00b0C \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f &#8211; \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928)<\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1970 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u091c\u0947\u0930\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0928\u0939\u093f\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 1950 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 (GHG)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (CO\u2082), \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 (CH\u2084), \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (N\u2082O), \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a, \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 (O\u2083), F-\u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 [\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b-\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 (CFCs), \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 (HFCs), \u092a\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 (PFCs), \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 (SF\u2086), \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921]\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932 (GWP) \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 CO\u2082 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e GWP = 1 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>GWP (\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0932)<\/strong> \u2013 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO\u2082 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 GWP \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e 100 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CO\u2082 \u2013<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e GWP = 1 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container159600_2357df-08{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_2357df-08 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_2357df-08 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_2357df-08 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container159600_2357df-08 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table159600_2357df-08\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_8d4aa9-63\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_71baec-56\">\n\n<p><strong>GHG&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_92945c-12\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_2b05f5-86\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_06184c-b1\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0936\u092e\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_96c869-76\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_d47b32-47\">\n\n<p><strong>CO\u2082<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_d34dbd-e0\">\n\n<p>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 (\u090f\u0902\u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e 75%\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938GWP: 1\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932: 50 \u2013 200 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_52e999-09\">\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928, \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_99eef7-8e\">\n\n<p>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915 (\u0935\u0928\/\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930), \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 CO\u2082 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 280 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 (ppm) \u0925\u0940\u09641950 \u0914\u0930 1960 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 330 ppm \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u091c\u0942\u0928 2024 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 426.91 ppm \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container159600_a0a352-ed{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_a0a352-ed th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_a0a352-ed caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_a0a352-ed td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container159600_a0a352-ed wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table159600_a0a352-ed\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_7aa42c-0b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_13904d-34\">\n\n<p><strong>GHG<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_10fa5d-13\">\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_f9d968-01\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_279b14-4b\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0936\u092e\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_aaed1b-4f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_e448a2-e4\">\n\n<p><strong>CH\u2084&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_5ead68-ed\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 16%<\/strong>GWP: 29.8, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0932: 12 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_54b2af-3b\">\n\n<p>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f, \u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u0941\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u0941, \u0926\u0940\u092e\u0915, \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u0916\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_6d6e13-a4\">\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_903529-2f\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_669700-09\">\n\n<p><strong>N\u2082O<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_5aa827-54\">\n\n<p>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 6%GWP: 273, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0932 120 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_df89a9-a4\">\n\n<p>\u0909\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0939\u0928, \u091a\u092e\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0932, \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_008712-60\">\n\n<p>\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 (UV) \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_b30e94-c4\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_c8c27b-2a\">\n\n<p><strong>F-\u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_747105-59\">\n\n<p>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2%\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a GWP: 23,500 \u0924\u0915\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0932 50,000 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_f6fcfd-f7\">\n\n<p>\u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u090f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_b98990-23\">\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CFC<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930, \u090f.\u0938\u0940.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>HFCS<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930, \u090f\u092f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0932, \u0938\u0949\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u092e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>PFCS<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>SF6<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u0917\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GWP = 25,184<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932&nbsp; = 3,200 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container159600_5a4185-70{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_5a4185-70 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_5a4185-70 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_5a4185-70 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container159600_5a4185-70 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table159600_5a4185-70\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_cbc833-a7\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_acae77-3d\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_285631-11\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_788e6a-28\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_6a353d-f2\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_5f4b76-9a\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u092d\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f &#8211;&nbsp;\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 (Soot Carbon) \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>&nbsp;\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"549\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10-1024x549.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-154672\" style=\"width:472px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10-1024x549.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10-768x412.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10-1536x824.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10-600x322.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image36-10.png 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-154675\" style=\"width:540px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image21-8.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 &#8211;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) \u091a\u0940\u0928 [31.8%]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(ii) USA [14.4 %]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(iii) \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 [9.5 %]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image16-4.png\" alt=\"\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-154678\" style=\"width:532px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image16-4.png 1000w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image16-4-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image16-4-768x361.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image16-4-600x282.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u2013<\/strong> \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u2013 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 CO\u2082 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>(\u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u092f\u0932\u093e) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 80% CO\u2082 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u0921\u0940\u0936\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2013<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 CFC (\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928) \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CO\u2082 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 30% \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 100 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 145% \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0930\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/strong> \u2013 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 0.5\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 1.5\u00b0C \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0939\u093f\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u091c\u0932\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0932\u0926\u0940\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0942\u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u2013 \u0918\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0924\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/strong> \u2013 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 3\u20135\u00b0C \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 45\u201360% \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u2013 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a 80% \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e74bbbd530662ca8348a5a84b51f99d1\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928) \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f) \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(A)&nbsp; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 (B) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong> <strong>&#8211; <\/strong>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932-\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 &#8211;<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937 23.5\u00b0 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f- \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0902\u091f \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u091f\u0941\u092c\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 0.5 \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e &#8211;<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u0902\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>B. \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0926\u0939\u0928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(ii) \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(iii) \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u0939\u0928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(iv) \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(v) \u092d\u0942-\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\/ \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) <strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(ii)<strong> \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 <\/strong>\u2014 \u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 CO\u2082 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u094b\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u091c\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0930\u092e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0928\u094d\u092f\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0932\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u200c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 [IPCC]<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e : <\/strong>1988<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (WMO)+ \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (UNEP) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f :<\/strong> \u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e (\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091c\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u092d\u0940 195 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u091a\u094c\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2002 \u0938\u0947 2015 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 (IPCC) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u091a\u094c\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f (IVth \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2007 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u091a\u094c\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930: 2007<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936: 195<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 IPCC \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e (1988) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 IPCC \u0928\u0947 \u091b\u0939 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 IPCC \u0915\u0940 1st \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f [1990]<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 100 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 0.3 \u2013 0.6\u00b0C \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2025 \u0924\u0915, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 2\u00b0C \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2100 \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u0939 4\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 65 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1992 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u092f (UNFCCC) \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>2nd \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f [1995] &#8211; <\/strong>1997 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3rd \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f [2001]&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>4th \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f [2007]&nbsp; &#8211; <\/strong>IPCC \u0915\u094b 2007 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>5th \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f [2014] &#8211; <\/strong>2015 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 IPCC \u0915\u0940 6th \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f [2023]&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e 45% \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u092d\u0942\u0916 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 1.1\u00b0C \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0936\u092e\u0928 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, 21\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 1.5\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b 1.5\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, 2019 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 2030 \u0924\u0915 43% \u0914\u0930 2035 \u0924\u0915 60% \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0942-\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong> \u2013 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u2013 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong> \u2013 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 (SRM)<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932 \u0909\u091c\u094d\u091c\u094d\u0935\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932: <\/strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>IPCC \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0920\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915\u0939\u094b\u092e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 &#8211; 1972<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u201c\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093e\u201d \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (UNEP)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f &#8211; \u0928\u0948\u0930\u094b\u092c\u0940 <\/strong>(\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f &#8211;&nbsp; <\/strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>5 \u091c\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0935\u0938 \u092e\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0918 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u201c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u091f\u093e\u0907\u0917\u0930\u201d \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (UNCED)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092c: <\/strong>3-14 \u091c\u0942\u0928,1992<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b-\u0921\u093f-\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>178 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(i) \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(ii) \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(iii) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938, \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(iv) \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UNFCCC: (<\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u092f)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u092f (CBD): <\/strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0930\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0938\u092e\u092f (UNCCD):<\/strong>\u092e\u0930\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u093e 21: <\/strong>21\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong> \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 (CSD):<\/strong> \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0921\u093e 21 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e (GEF):\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940, \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e (UNFCCC)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a 1994 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940: <\/strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (COP) \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-1<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1995 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 (COP-3)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UNFCCC \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 1997 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b (\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u2013 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e (Marrakesh Accord)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>16 \u092b\u0930\u0935\u0930\u0940 2005 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 [\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>192 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 [\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 UNFCCC \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>84 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e, \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0921\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> 2008 \u0938\u0947 2012 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a 1990 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 6 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 5.2% \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> 2013 \u0938\u0947 2020 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a 1990 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 6 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 18% \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>6 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 (GHGs): <\/strong>CO\u2082, \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0938 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 (HFCs), \u092a\u0930\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 (PFCs), \u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a (EU-15) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b 8%, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b 7% \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b 6% \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (LU), \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (LUC) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 <strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 (CBDR)<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>CMPs<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container159600_3e073b-7d{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_3e073b-7d th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_3e073b-7d caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table159600_3e073b-7d td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container159600_3e073b-7d wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table159600_3e073b-7d\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_94c9c5-20\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_a4286f-a7\">\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_5ba0eb-5d\">\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0965<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row159600_902c6e-7c\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_9db601-82\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924) \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 (GHG) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u0942\u0938 (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918-15 (EU-15) \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 1992 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>OECD<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data159600_60ddcb-8c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0948\u0930-Annex I \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 (GHG) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947, <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 (CDM)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u094d\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Clean Development Mechanism &#8211; CDM)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 12 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \/ \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0940\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0908 2005 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 1 \u091c\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0908 2012 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u094b\u091c\u093e\u0935\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 (\u0915\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0921\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u2013 2002<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>26 \u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0947 4 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2002 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u201cRio+10\u201d \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u093e: \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u091f\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u091c\u092a\u0947\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928-\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-11 \/ CMP-1<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2005 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 (\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-13 \/ CMP-3<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2007 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u094b\u0921\u092e\u0948\u092a \/ \u092c\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 5 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u092f\u0940:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f: <\/strong>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u092e\u0928: <\/strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-16 \/ CMP-6<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 2012 \u0938\u0947 2020 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0936\u092e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 100 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0947\u091f \u092b\u0902\u0921 (GCF) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GCF \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u2013 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-18 \/ CMP-8<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0935\u0902\u092c\u0930 2012 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u093e (\u0915\u0924\u0930) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f (2008\u20132012) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f (2013\u20132020) \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u2013 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u201c\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f (Loss and Damage)\u201d \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0947\u091f \u092b\u0902\u0921 (GCF) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e 18 \u0928\u0935\u0902\u092c\u0930 2012 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f: \u0907\u0902\u091a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u0938\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0921\u094b \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image10-6.png\" alt=\"Greenhouse Effect Global warming and Climate Change | \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\" class=\"wp-image-154690\" style=\"width:506px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image10-6.png 533w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image10-6-300x113.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-21 \/ CMP-11 \/ CMA-1<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2015 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 (\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u2013 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 <strong>2\u00b0C<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b <strong>1.5\u00b0C<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0902\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 <strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 (NDCs)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947-\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1.5\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u0942\u0916\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 55% \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e: <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e \u091c\u092c \u0926\u094b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0902:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e 55 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u094b\u0926\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 GHG \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e 55% \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e 4 \u0928\u0935\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0930 2016 \u0915\u094b \u0914\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 (INDC)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 2005 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 2030 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>33\u201335%<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 COP-26 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 2030 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>2.5 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0905\u091a\u0940\u0935 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921 (PAT) \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (NAPEE)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f 2030 \u0924\u0915 10 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#00d18433;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0948\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-26&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>COP-26 (2021) \u2013 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0917\u094b, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0949\u091f\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0917\u094b \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e&#8221;<\/strong> \u2013 105 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 85% \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 2030 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0924\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 INDCs (\u0905\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924 2022 \u092e\u0947\u0902 UNFCCC \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 COP-26 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 <strong>&#8220;\u092a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u092e\u0943\u0924&#8221;<\/strong> \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2030 \u0924\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>500 GW<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2030 \u0924\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 <strong>50% \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2030 \u0924\u0915 (2005 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902) <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 45%<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2030 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>1 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u091f\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2070 \u0924\u0915 <strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f-\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (\u0905\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0942\u092c\u0930 2023 \u0924\u0915):<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e <strong>43.81%<\/strong> \u0905\u092c \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 GDP \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>33%<\/strong> (2005\u20132019) \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>COP-27 \u2013 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0932-\u0936\u0947\u0916, \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928, 2023 \/ COP-28 \u2013 \u0926\u0941\u092c\u0908, UAE<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>30 \u0928\u0935\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0947 12 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 2023 \u0924\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924, UAE \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0939\u092e\u0926 \u0905\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f <\/strong>\u2013 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e COP\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0915 (GST):<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 200 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b 1.5\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f (Loss and Damage) \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 4 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \/ \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0932 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 [\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u090f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0902\u0938 (GRCA)]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LeadIT \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928, 2023<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0932<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0949\u0930\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0902\u091c\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0932\u0917\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0932 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>20 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 2050 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0924\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: \u0928\u0947\u091f-\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0930\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b 1.5\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091a 2024 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u0917\u0920\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 (GRCA)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u0921\u0947\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u0942\u091f\u093e\u0928, \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0928\u0940\u0926\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921, \u0918\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0913\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0926\u0940-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928: \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915, \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u201c\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u090f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0902\u0938\u201d \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>LeadIT \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928, 2023<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u0940\u0921\u0930\u0936\u093f\u092a \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0936\u0928 (LeadIT) \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0924, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>38 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936 2050 \u0924\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e-\u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-29<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0935\u0902\u092c\u0930 2024 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0915\u0942, \u0905\u091c\u093c\u0930\u092c\u0948\u091c\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 2035 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 <strong>300 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u091f\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e: \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 2035 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>50%<\/strong> \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f: \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-30<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0935\u0902\u092c\u0930 2025 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092e, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u091f\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0913 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1.\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>29 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u091f\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0913 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u091f\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0913 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u091c\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e (\u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e\u2013 BAM):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u090f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u0942 1.5\u00b0C:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NDCs \u0915\u094b 1.5\u00b0C \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (NAP) \u0907\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0902\u0938:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 2025 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 2030 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u090f\u0935\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 (TFFF):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f\u0928: <strong>125 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 <strong>1 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8. \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092e 4\u00d7 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2024 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 2035 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932, \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0908-\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 IEA \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-30 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 9.1 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090b\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e: 2035 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 310\u2013365 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0949\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CBDR-RC (\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901) \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0915\u0947 CBAM \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0936\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>COP-30 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u094b\u0921\u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 9.1 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0928 NDC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 (WRI) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u0926 (WBCSD) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>20\/20\/20 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f [2008 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918 (EU) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CO\u2082 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 20% \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 20% \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 20% \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u091c \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":0,"parent":159252,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-159600","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0943\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, IPCC \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f, COP \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0935 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964\" \/>\n<meta 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