{"id":154999,"date":"2026-01-19T22:28:25","date_gmt":"2026-01-19T16:58:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=154999"},"modified":"2026-01-19T22:28:28","modified_gmt":"2026-01-19T16:58:28","slug":"fundamental-duties","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/governance\/fundamental-duties\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 51(A) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/governance\/\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928<\/strong> <\/a>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id154999_44754f-f7 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srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image1-3-1024x294.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image1-3-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image1-3-768x220.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image1-3-600x172.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image1-3.png 1472w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-fd37524914af853d3d110d8e67c28643\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f : \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f 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\u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 10 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>86 \u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 2002<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 51(A) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>11\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e <\/strong>\u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e &#8211; \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091b; \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 11 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 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\u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u091c\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e <strong>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f &#8211; <\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0920 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 42\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (1976) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e 10 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 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\u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e (Tax Payment) \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 8 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0935 \u0906\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u093e, \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0916\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u00a0 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0935 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e , \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0902: \u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e 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\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0936 \u0932\u093e\u0939\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947 \u0936\u094b \u092a\u0940\u0938 &#8216; (Show Peace) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u2018\u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930&#8217; (Dead Latters) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e, \u092a\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 11 \u092e\u0942\u0932 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\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0926\u092f\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0924\u094d\u200c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0908 \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0942 \u0932\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e &#8211; \u092a\u093f\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u091b: \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 (<strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f 86\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2002 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f: <\/strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 <strong>(\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 51) :- \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e <\/strong>\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CJI \u0932\u093e\u0939\u094b\u091f\u0940 &#8211; \u0936\u094b \u092a\u0940\u0938 \/ \u092e\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0938\u0941 &#8211; \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 IV-\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0917\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936&#8221;,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a0&#8220;\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u092e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924 (Non-Justiciable) \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c \u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0935 \u0938\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915 (Redundancy)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 (superfluous) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u093c\u0932\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 IV-\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917 III (\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0939\u092e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u092c \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0927\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092c\u094b\u0927, \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1992 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 14 \u092f\u093e 19 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u0926 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1971 \u2013 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0927\u094d\u0935\u091c \u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u091a. \u0906\u0930. \u0917\u094b\u0916\u0932\u0947 (\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940): &#8211; \u201c\u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940): \u201c\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u091c\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f-\u092c\u094b\u0927, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 &#8211;<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935 \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0938. \u0938\u0940. \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 &#8211; 1988 <\/strong>&#8211; \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 51 \u0915 (G) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u0947\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927 &#8211; \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0938\u092c\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0923 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0932 <\/strong>&#8211; \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u092b\u0949\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e (1946) \u092e\u0947\u0902&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0917 (2002)<\/strong> &#8211; \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0935 add \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0940\u0964&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935-\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0927\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u091f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f &#8211; \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f (1999) \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u092c \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0917\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0917\u0947\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0935 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u094c\u0930\u0935 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1971 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0927\u094d\u0935\u091c, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0928 \u2014 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0902\u0921\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1955 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e (IPC) &#8211; <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0918\u0943\u0923\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0902\u0921\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0932\u093e\u092a (\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1976 &#8211;<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1951 &#8211;<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928\u094d\u092f\u091c\u0940\u0935 (\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1972 <\/strong>&#8211; \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u091f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928 (\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1980 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0927\u0941\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0928\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0928 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e-1950- \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u091a\u093f\u0939\u0928, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0927\u094d\u0935\u091c, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u0947\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0917\u094c\u0930\u0935 \u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e- 1971<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0927\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0938\u0902\u0939\u093f\u0924\u093e 2002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-connect-civils wp-block-embed-connect-civils\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"skIPi82w1U\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/governance\/preamble-introduction\/\">\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;\u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e&#8221; &#8212; Connect Civils\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/governance\/preamble-introduction\/embed\/#?secret=w5VWpy5dFY#?secret=skIPi82w1U\" data-secret=\"skIPi82w1U\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 51(A) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":154814,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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