{"id":152456,"date":"2025-12-12T17:29:03","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T11:59:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=152456"},"modified":"2025-12-12T17:29:06","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T11:59:06","slug":"mauryan-and-post-mauryan-art","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/history\/mauryan-and-post-mauryan-art\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-983194889110fe57f6c30977985defd5\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0924\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/maurya-1.jpg\" alt=\"\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-152404\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/maurya-1.jpg 630w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/maurya-1-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/maurya-1-600x438.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>&nbsp;1. \u0930\u093e\u091c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0926 (\u0926\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\/\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u091f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0932&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>64 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930, 570 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u094d\u091c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930: \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 60 \u092b\u0940\u091f \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 600 \u092b\u0940\u091f \u091a\u094c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0908<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0926 \u2013<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u092c\u0947\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0928\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u201c\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u201d <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0941\u092e\u094d\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0930 \u0935 \u092c\u0941\u0932\u0902\u0926\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>80 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092d\u0935\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947-\u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924, \u0928\u0917\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>2. \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\/\u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0938\u0924 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> 40 \u092b\u0940\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0932\u0941\u0906 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e (single piece) \u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092d\u2014 <\/strong>\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930:<\/strong> \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0921, \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940: <\/strong>\u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u0916\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f-\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932:<\/strong> \u092c\u0938\u0930\u093e\u0939-\u092c\u0916\u0940\u0930\u093e, \u0932\u094c\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0928\u0902\u0926\u0928\u0917\u0922\u093c, \u0930\u093e\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e, \u0938\u0928\u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092d \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Parts)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0923\u094d\u0921 \u2013<\/strong> \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u093e (\u0924\u093e\u0921\u093c \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0916\u0932\u093e \u2013 <\/strong>\u0907\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0940\/\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940, \u0932\u093e\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 (\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u0940) \u2013 <\/strong>\u0917\u094b\u0932\/\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u0920\u093e \u2013 <\/strong>\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u094c\u0915\u0940 \u2013 <\/strong>\u0917\u094b\u0932\/\u091a\u094c\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u2013 <\/strong>\u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092d \u2013 \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 (UP)<\/td><td>4 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 (UP)<\/td><td>4 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0932\u094c\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0928\u0902\u0926\u0928\u0917\u0922\u093c (\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930)<\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0935 \u092e\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0902\u0938<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0936\u093e (UP)<\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0930\u093e\u092e\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0935\u093e (\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930)<\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0932<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0932\u094c\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0905\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093e\u091c<\/td><td>\u0916\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0924; R.P. Chadda \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u0941\u0921\u093c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930)<\/td><td>1 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u092e\u094d\u092d\u2014\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"332\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image34-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152453\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:200px;height:350px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image34-12.png 332w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image34-12-181x300.png 181w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947: \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0918\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0921, \u0939\u093f\u0930\u0928 \u0906\u0926\u093f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">3.<strong>&nbsp;\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>&nbsp;1. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935 \u091c\u0948\u0928 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e \u2192 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940-\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a: \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:<\/strong> \u0925\u0942\u0939\/\u0922\u0947\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e: <\/strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u0940\u0932\u093e\/\u0917\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0926\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(1) \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\/\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0915\u0947\u0936, \u0926\u093e\u0901\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(2) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901\u2014<\/strong>\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908) \u2013 <\/strong>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(3) \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0915) \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\/\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092f\u093e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(4) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u0932\u0947\u0939)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(5) \u092e\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0932\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: <\/strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Architecture)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152409\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1.jpg 630w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1-600x438.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930: <\/strong>\u0905\u0927\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0908\u0902\u091f, \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930: \u092a\u0915\u0940 \u0908\u0902\u091f + \u092e\u094b\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0921 (Anda):<\/strong> \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0926\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u0927\u0940: <\/strong>\u0905\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\/\u092e\u0902\u0921\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e: <\/strong>\u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930 \/ \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930 = \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930 = \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u2192 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927, \u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0938\u0902\u0918 (\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0924\u094d\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u091c\u094b \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093e-\u092a\u0925:<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0915\u093e: <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093e-\u092a\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"645\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stoop-1-1024x645.jpg\" alt=\"\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-152412\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stoop-1-1024x645.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stoop-1-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stoop-1-768x484.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stoop-1-600x378.jpg 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stoop-1.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b 8 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u0915\u0930 8 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924:<br>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0917\u0943\u0939, \u0935\u0948\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0915\u092a\u093f\u0932\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u092a\u094d\u092a, \u0930\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0935\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0920\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a, \u092a\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>9\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a: <\/strong>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940, UP): \u090f\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 5 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928: \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0927\u092e\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u2192<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 84,000 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940, \u091a\u094c\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0940 (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925), \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0928\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u094b\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(1) \u0938\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 3 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u2013 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u2013 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u2013 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0926\u094d\u0917\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(2) \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925, UP)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f; \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0936\u0947\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(3) \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(4) \u091a\u094c\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925, \u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0938\u0940)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0908\u0902\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924; \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0940\u0928\u093e\u0930 \u2014 \u092e\u0941\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (1588, \u0939\u0941\u092e\u093e\u092f\u0942\u0901 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ASI \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image122-1.png\" alt=\"\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-152415\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image122-1.png 424w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image122-1-300x207.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u092c\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a: \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 3\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915:<\/strong> \u091c\u0928-\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0917\u0939\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935 \u092a\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0932\u092d\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0916\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e (\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930) \u2013 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0930 <em>\u0915\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0939\u093e<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e \u2013 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f <em>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901: <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>4. \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930 : \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902\/\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 = \u0935\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0928\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0935 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924: <\/strong>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923:<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938; \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901 (\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"348\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image100-3.png\" alt=\"\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-152418\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image100-3.png 348w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image100-3-258x300.png 258w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0926\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e (12\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937) \u2013<\/strong> \u0927\u0928\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u091d\u094b\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e \u2013<\/strong> \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901&#8221;\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0938 \u090b\u0937\u093f \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e \u2013 <\/strong>\u091a\u0948\u0924\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093e\u092a (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936; \u0917\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f; \u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0949\u0932 + \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937; \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u094c\u092a\u0921\u093c (19\u0935\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937) \u2013<\/strong> \u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0916; \u0938\u0941\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0940 (\u0926\u0936\u0930\u0925)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0930\u0925 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0915\u093e\/\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0940\u0915\u093e-\u0915\u0941\u092d\u093e \u2013 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0926\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0915\u093e-\u0915\u0941\u092d\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u093e-\u0915\u0941\u092d\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">5. <strong>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0915\u0932\u093e \/ \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"570\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image27-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152422\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image27-9.png 450w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image27-9-237x300.png 237w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u2014\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f, \u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u0947\u0927\u0940, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u2013\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923: \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 3\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916: \u0924\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0936\u093f\u0932\u092a\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932: \u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u0941\u0906 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0947, \u0905\u0902\u0917-\u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0902\u091c \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 (\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f: <\/strong>\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938, \u0905\u092c \u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u0932\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e; \u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u092e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u0932, \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0932 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930; \u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e \u092d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906; \u0924\u0940\u0916\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0915, \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0920, \u0906\u0901\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0927\u094c\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 (\u0913\u0921\u093f\u0936\u093e)\u2014<\/strong>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925; \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932, \u092c\u0932\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0938 \u090b\u0937\u093f \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 (\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930)\u2014\u0917\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u091c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0928\u2014\u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930; \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u2013\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u093e):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e (\u092a\u0930\u0916\u092e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e): \u092e\u0923\u093f\u092d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e (\u0926\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0902\u091c): \u091a\u093e\u092e\u0930-\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0947\u0938\u0928\u0917\u0930: \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0930: \u092e\u0923\u093f\u092d\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0938\u0940 (\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0918\u093e\u091f): \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0917\u0922\u093c: \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e: \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e (\u092c\u0941\u0932\u0902\u0926\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0917): \u0928\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0923\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f, 24 \u0924\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0930\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0921\u093c\u0940\u0938\u093e (\u0927\u094c\u0932\u0940): \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092a\u0941\u0930 (\u092a\u091f\u0928\u093e): \u0926\u094b \u091c\u0948\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0902\u0915\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092f\u094b\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e: \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0943\u0923\u094d\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0938\u0940 (\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0926\u0942\u0928): \u0917\u091c\u0924\u092e\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0921\u093c: \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0939\u0930\u2014\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e <em>\u092d\u0926\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0938<\/em> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0928\u0917\u0928\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940: \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u2014\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 <em>\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915<\/em> \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940, \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u092f\u0925\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936 \u2013 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094c\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">6. <strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0943\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0921&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"190\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image128-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152424\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u2013\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0947, \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932\u094b\u0922\u093c \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u2014\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0905\u0928-\u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u0943\u0924; \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932:<br>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093e\u092a\u0941\u0930, \u0915\u094c\u0936\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0940, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940, \u091a\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-641e7b822fa38e0aeef041721558bb1d\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0908 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0935\u0902\u0936:<\/strong> \u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0923\u094d\u0935, \u0915\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0923, \u0936\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u2013\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0935\u0902\u0936: <\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928, \u0907\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0941, \u0906\u092d\u0940\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0948\u0935<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0935<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0935 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0924\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u090f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0935\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Indo-Greek, Shaka, Kushan) \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u090f \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u094b\u0902 (guilds) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0928,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 (\u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947) \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0935 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 (\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u0930\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u093e \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0941,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902\u0921\u093e,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0917\u092f\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0947\u091f,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0918\u0902\u091f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0942\u0930\u0942\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e\u0930\u092e\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><strong>\u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a : \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 : <\/strong>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 200 \u0908.\u092a\u0942., \u0938\u093e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940 (\u0906\u0902\u0927\u094d\u0930) \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f :<\/strong> \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u093e \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u091f \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a : <\/strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 108 \u092b\u0940\u091f, \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 14\u201315 \u092b\u0940\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e\u0930\u092e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0925, \u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u094b\u091c : <\/strong>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0940 (1797 \u0908.) \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"645\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/muk-1-1024x645.jpg\" alt=\"\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-152430\" style=\"width:498px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/muk-1-1024x645.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/muk-1-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/muk-1-768x484.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/muk-1-600x378.jpg 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/muk-1.jpg 1350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 4 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>200 \u0908.\u092a\u0942.\u2013100 \u0908. : <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u0935\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0936\u0941, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935, \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>100\u2013150 \u0908. : <\/strong>\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915; \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>150\u2013200 \u0908. : <\/strong>\u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0930\u092e; \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928, \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>200\u2013250 \u0908. : <\/strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901; \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f; \u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><strong>2. \u0938\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e-1 : \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 : <\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0940 (\u092d\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 50 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940); \u092f\u0942\u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0927\u0930\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 : <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a 1, 2, 3; \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152409\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1.jpg 630w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/stup-1-600x438.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e : <\/strong>\u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0908\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930, \u0935\u0947\u0926\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0926 : <\/strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 54 \u092b\u0940\u091f, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 120 \u092b\u0940\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0925 : <\/strong>\u0926\u094b\u2014\u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 :<\/strong> 4 \u0924\u094b\u0930\u0923 (1st century BCE)\u0964 \u0924\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0936\u0947\u0930, \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930, \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0909\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 : <\/strong>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u092a\u0926\u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928, \u091b\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e : <\/strong>\u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940\/\u092c\u094c\u0928\u0947; \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915, \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0935-\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><strong>3. \u091a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930\u2014\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0948\u0924\u094d\u092f\u2014\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937; \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u091b\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0923, \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930-\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0935 \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0948\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0949\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u091c\u0902\u0924\u093e : 29 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901 (25 \u0935\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0930 + 4 \u091a\u0948\u0924\u094d\u092f)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><strong>4. \u0909\u0926\u092f\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093f \u0935 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901 (\u0913\u0921\u093f\u0936\u093e)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 :<\/strong> \u092d\u0941\u0935\u0928\u0947\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0932 : <\/strong>1st\u20132nd century BCE, \u0915\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f : <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 + \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f : <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0948\u0928 \u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u092f\u0917\u093f\u0930\u093f \u2013 18 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0917\u093f\u0930\u0940 \u2013 15 \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0917\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092b\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916 (\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f);<\/strong> \u0916\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935 &#8220;\u091c\u0948\u0928 \u0928\u092e\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930&#8221; \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0917\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092b\u093e : <\/strong>\u0926\u094b-\u092e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 &#8211;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (1st CE onwards)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930 (\u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928), \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e, \u0935\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0917\u0940\/\u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940 (\u0906\u0902\u0927\u094d\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0935 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>1. \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: <\/strong>\u0915\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915, \u092f\u0935\u0928, \u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u092a\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0935\u0930, \u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u093e\u092c; \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0927\u0941 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u2013\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0928 + \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e + \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u0928 + \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u092a\u093f\u0936\u093e, \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940, \u0936\u093e\u0939\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0922\u0947\u0930\u0940, \u092c\u0947\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f:<\/strong> 50 BCE \u2013 500 CE, \u0926\u094b \u091a\u0930\u0923\u2014\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915: \u0928\u0940\u0932\u0947-\u0927\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u0941\u0906 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940: \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928: <\/strong>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927-\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0935\u0924\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094b\u0932\u094b \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f (\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0928, \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0939, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201c\u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f\u201d \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0932 \u0918\u0941\u0901\u0918\u0930\u093e\u0932\u0947, \u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0917\u094b\u0932, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (\u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0940\/\u092e\u0942\u0901\u091b\u2014\u0905\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908; \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u2014\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u0940, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u092d\u0942\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u0932\u0935\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0926\u094d\u092e\u092a\u093e\u0923\u093f (\u0915\u092e\u0932), \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915), \u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092f (\u0938\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u091a\u0942\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930, \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901: \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0917-\u0938\u094c\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0935, \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u0906\u092d\u0942\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0941\u0916 (\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0936\u093f\u0932\u093e), \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090b\u0937\u093f \u091f\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090b\u0937\u093f \u091f\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id152456_0495b7-38 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column152456_da866c-26{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column152456_da866c-26 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column152456_da866c-26\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/budh-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152434\" style=\"width:auto;height:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/budh-1.jpg 450w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/budh-1-135x300.jpg 135w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column152456_bcb9f1-8c\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"346\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image67-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152436\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:300px;height:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image67-3.png 346w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image67-3-190x300.png 190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>2. \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0932: \u0915\u0941\u0937\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (50\u2013300 CE)\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930: \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924; \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940: \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0932\u0941\u0906 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941, \u0936\u093f\u0935, \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0947\u092f)\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u092a\u0926\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e)\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930, \u092a\u0926\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0928; \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u092d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u0925\u0947\u0932\u0940\/\u0924\u0932\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0935 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0924\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947\/\u092a\u0948\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f, \u092c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u0927\u093e \u0922\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0917\u094b\u0932, \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0928; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0935 \u0906\u0938\u0928\u0917\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0941: <\/strong>\u0936\u0902\u0916\u2013\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u2013\u0917\u0926\u093e\u2013\u0905\u092d\u092f; \u0928\u0943\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939, \u0935\u0930\u093e\u0939, \u0936\u0947\u0937\u0936\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a; \u0905\u0937\u094d\u091f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u093f\u0935: <\/strong>\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u090f\u0915\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940, \u092a\u0902\u091a\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940), \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u0928\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u092e\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0932\u094c\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0916\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\u2014\u0926\u093f\u0917\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\u2014\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916:<\/strong> \u090b\u0937\u092d\u0926\u0947\u0935, \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093e\u0925, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u2013\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u2014\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0926\u093e, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0942\u0924\u0947, \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0932\u0935\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>2nd\u20134th CE:<\/strong> \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0935 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940; &#8216;\u0915\u091f\u0930\u093e \u091f\u0940\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927&#8217; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>5th\u20136th CE: <\/strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u0926\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0938\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925)\u0964&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id152456_8c8bd1-f9 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column152456_9cffef-06 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column152456_9cffef-06\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"346\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image80-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152442\" style=\"width:auto;height:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image80-4.png 346w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image80-4-213x300.png 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u092a\u0926\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column152456_48303f-83{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column152456_48303f-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column152456_48303f-83\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"636\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image13-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152444\" style=\"width:auto;height:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image13-11.png 400w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image13-11-189x300.png 189w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u0906\u0938\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0925)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>3. \u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915: <\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928, \u0907\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u0905\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0924\u0940, \u0928\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902\u0921\u093e, \u0918\u0923\u094d\u091f\u0936\u093e\u0932 (\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u093e\u2013\u0917\u094b\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e; \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e\u0930\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f: <\/strong>\u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0917, \u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0928, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0926\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0932\u094b\u0915\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0935 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928; <\/strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u2014<\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0902\u0917\u0940, \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0937\u2014<\/strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947, \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0947, \u092a\u0917\u0921\u093c\u0940\/\u092a\u091f\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a;<\/strong> \u0915\u094b\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0935 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0906\u092d\u0942\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0928; \u092d\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f + \u0905\u0932\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u0930\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917\u0915\u093e\u0932:<\/strong> 188 \u0908.\u092a\u0942.\u201330 \u0908.\u092a\u0942.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e: <\/strong>\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917 (\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0939\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940, \u092d\u0930\u0939\u0941\u0924, \u092c\u094b\u0927\u0917\u092f\u093e, \u092e\u0925\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0930\u0939\u0941\u0924: <\/strong>\u0938\u0924\u0928\u093e (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936) \u2014 \u0936\u0941\u0902\u0917\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u091f\u0918\u0930\u0947, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u092d\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0942\u0932, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937, \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940, \u0928\u093e\u0917, \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u0932 40 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>6 \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092d\u093e\u0930 (low relief) \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u0924\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0939\u093e\u0925-\u092a\u0948\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0906\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (Narrative) \u0936\u0948\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u2014\u090f\u0915 \u0913\u0930 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0924\u093e\u2014\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0928 (\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0938)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"639\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image60-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-152449\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image60-5.png 639w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image60-5-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image60-5-600x366.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0936\u093f\u0916\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0936\u094b\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d, \u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0936\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0936\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092e\u094c\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":27066,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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