{"id":149086,"date":"2025-09-09T18:07:03","date_gmt":"2025-09-09T12:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=149086"},"modified":"2025-09-19T17:28:02","modified_gmt":"2025-09-19T11:58:02","slug":"imperialism-and-colonialism-in-asia-and-africa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-1\/world-history\/imperialism-and-colonialism-in-asia-and-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-1\/world-history\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/a> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id149065_671a3c-21 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-5bf7f949fd1b2ebf61387de49bf1df1a\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong> <strong>\u0914\u0930<\/strong> <strong>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Imperialism)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0932, \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0935-\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Neo-Colonialism): <\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Colonialism)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 (Imperialism)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0938\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964&nbsp;(\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e)<\/td><td>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0964&nbsp;(\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0938\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0936 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u092e\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0920\u092a\u0941\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 -\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d<\/strong><\/td><td>15\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0947 20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0930\u0939\u093e (\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u0941\u0917)\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/td><td>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f ( \u0928\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926)\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e (19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 (16\u0935\u0940\u0902 &#8211; 18\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 16\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0908 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928, \u0939\u0949\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921, \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>18\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 (1875 &#8211; 1914):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928, \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938, \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940, \u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940, \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (spheres of influence), \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0928\u093e\u092b\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u090f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0932\u093e\u0936 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947), \u0930\u092c\u0930 (\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0940\u091c \u0938\u0947), \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0928, \u091a\u093e\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0915\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 <strong>\u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 <\/strong>\u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964 (\u0909\u0926\u093e. \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0917\u094c\u0930\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u2018\u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u2019 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (The \u2018Civilizing Mission\u2019):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0908 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 &#8220;\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c\u0940&#8221; \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u0921\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947 &#8216;\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0906\u0926\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930&#8217; (White Man\u2019s Burden) \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e, &#8220;\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902&#8221;\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0920\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 (\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e): \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0938 (1492), \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0921\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e (1498), \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0917\u094b \u0935\u0947\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0941\u091a\u0940 (1500), \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0948\u0917\u0932\u0928 (1519): \u0907\u0928 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0932\u0940<\/strong>: \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0947\u092c:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u091c:<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u091c \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0942\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b:<\/strong> \u0907\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0928 (\u092e\u0932\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0935\u093e):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0937\u094d\u0923\u0915\u091f\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c\u093e\u092a\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u091b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 <\/strong>\u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u0940:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930-\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0925\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0917\u093c\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0908\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 (1600 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924) \u0928\u0947 1763 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1857 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u090f \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u092f, \u0915\u0949\u092b\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092b\u0940\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u0940\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 1839 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a <em>\u0905\u092b\u0940\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/em> \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Spheres of Influence):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0916\u094b \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938, \u0930\u0942\u0938, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0921\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f (Open Door Policy ) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0921\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 (1899-1901):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091a\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0938\u0947 , \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0921\u091a\u094b\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u092e\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u093e\u092a\u0941\u0930<\/em> \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0932\u0921\u092e\u0930\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0921\u091a\u094b\u0902<\/em> \u0928\u0947 <em>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928-\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 <em>\u092e\u094b\u0932\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a<\/em> \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b-\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b-\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093e (\u0905\u092c \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0932\u093e\u0913\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0925\u093e\u0908\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1886 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0925\u093e\u0908\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092b\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0902\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 <em>\u092b\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0902\u0938<\/em> \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0917\u0947\u092e &#8211; \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u0942\u0938:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915, \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u091f\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1907 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u0940\u091a, \u0908\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u092b\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915 \u0935\u092b\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u0935\u0939 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0921\u093c\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1911 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0924\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0924 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u092e\u0940\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e<\/em> (1868) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0942\u0938-\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u0930\u0942\u0938-\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/em> (1904-05) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091a\u094c\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1910 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0924\u0915, \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>15\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0916\u094b\u091c\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u090f \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0940\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930<\/em> (slave trade) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>19 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(A) \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 (The Slave Trade):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0902\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930 \u091c\u0949\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0936\u093e\u0939\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0932\u093f\u091c\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e) \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0924\u0915, \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(B) \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0921\u093c (The Scramble for Africa):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915, \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0949\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(C) \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e (Role of Explorers, Traders, and Missionaries):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0932\u091a\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u00a0 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0932\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0941\u091a\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0932\u093e\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Reasons for the Speed of European Conquest):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (Economic Power):<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e (Military Superiority):<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092e \u0917\u0928) \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0915\u0942) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u093f (Political Disunity):<\/strong> \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u091c\u0941\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0964 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0941\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (The Berlin Conference and the Partition of Africa):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <em>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928<\/em> (1884-85) \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u090f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b-\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e (1890) \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0941\u0917\u093e\u0902\u0921\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u00a0 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0935\u093e \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928:<\/strong> \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 30% \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/world-history-1-1.png\" alt=\"Imperialism and colonialism in Asia and Africa\" class=\"wp-image-148931\" style=\"width:400px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e (West and Central Africa):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1878 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <em>\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 II<\/em> \u0928\u0947 <em>\u090f\u091a.\u090f\u092e. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0928\u0932\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u094b <em>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928<\/em> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 400 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0935\u093e \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0917\u093e\u0901\u0935\u0935\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1908 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0939\u0940\u0930\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0917\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u090f\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u091f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921, \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0942\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0947 <em>\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921, \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0942\u0928,<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e<\/em> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0921\u0940 \u0913\u0930\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0936 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e (South Africa):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u0921\u091a<\/em> \u0928\u0947 <em>\u0915\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0949\u0932\u094b\u0928\u0940<\/em> \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 1800 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u091a \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f\u094b\u0902 (\u092c\u094b\u0905\u0930 ) \u0928\u0947 \u0911\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u0930\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/em> \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0935\u0947) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0928\u0928 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u092c\u094b\u0905\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/em> (1899-1902) \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/em> \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e (East Africa):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1884 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u091c\u093c\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u0906\u0902\u0921\u093e-\u0909\u0930\u0941\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e (Italy-Ethiopia):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u092e\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0930\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 1896 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u094b\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0907\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 1935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e (North Africa):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1830 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 40 \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0940\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1882 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c \u0928\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 1914 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u0921\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 1898 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 (Conclusion of the Scramble for Africa):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0924\u0915, \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <em>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u0907\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/em> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u092e \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 <em>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 II<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0930\u0939\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Unfair Market Practices): <\/strong><em>\u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/em> (Mercantile Capitalism) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0906\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0928\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094b\u0930\u0935\u0947<em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/em> (corv\u00e9e labor) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 <em>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u092c\u0930\u0928 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0928\u0915\u0926\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 (cash crops) \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u091a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, <em>\u0906\u0907\u0935\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f<\/em> \u0915\u094b\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 <em>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u093e<\/em> \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> (Unequal Distribution of Wealth):\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u0938\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0902 \u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u092e\u0928:<\/strong> <em>\u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 (White Settlers as Elite):<\/strong> \u0915\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u092c\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0926\u093e\u0938\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0926:<\/strong> \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u0928\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0930 (Mass Killings): <\/strong><em>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f<\/em> (1885\u20131908) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0921 II \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Impact on Trade and Infrastructure):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (Control of Trade Routes): <\/strong>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Limited Infrastructure Development): <\/strong>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0915\u0947\u092a \u091f\u0942 \u0915\u093e\u0907\u0930\u094b \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947<\/em>, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0906\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f (Loss of Sovereignty): <\/strong>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 (1884-85) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f:(Divide and Rule Policy): <\/strong>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0942\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0921\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0924\u0942-\u0924\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 (Legacy of Underdevelopment):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f <em>\u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b <\/em>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 17 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0925\u0947, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u0949\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0935\u0915\u0940\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong> \u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u092c\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0911\u092b \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923, \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u092e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0905\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948 , \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u0940 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> 1763 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0908\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 1857 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u092b\u0940\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 (1839-42, 1856-60) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u0917\u093e\u0939 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b-\u091a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0928\u0947 19\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0932\u093e\u0913\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> 1885 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0939 (1899-1901) \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> 1700 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e 23% \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u094b 1947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u0930 3% \u0930\u0939 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940:<\/strong> \u0926\u093e\u0926\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u094c\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0932<strong> \u20ac100 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928<\/strong> \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0964<strong>(\u20ac-\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u092b\u0940\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0921\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0928\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0938\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u092c\u0941\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u092b\u0940\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u092c\u0930\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f, 1835) \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093e\u092f, \u0928\u0940\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0917\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0915\u0926\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0930:<\/strong> \u091c\u0942\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0926\u0940 \u092b\u0938\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1850-1900 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2.8 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u0902\u0915\u093e:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936, \u0921\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0917\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (1947) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0940\u0928:<\/strong> &#8220;\u0905\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0924\u0915&#8221; (<strong>Century of Humiliation<\/strong> 1839-1949) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092e\u0928\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924-\u092a\u093e\u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0940\u0928-\u0924\u093f\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915&nbsp; \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f :<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> \u0930\u0947\u0932, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 1920 \u0924\u0915 67,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0911\u092b \u092c\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0932, 1806 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0911\u092b \u092c\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0947, 1840) \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0936 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 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