{"id":148540,"date":"2025-08-28T16:00:51","date_gmt":"2025-08-28T10:30:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=148540"},"modified":"2025-09-03T20:43:48","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T15:13:48","slug":"current-electricity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/physics\/current-electricity\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/physics\/\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id148540_3d5a11-c1 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-6d5701098debcf8e11ae8f7a5003fe77\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 (<em>q <\/em>= <em>q<\/em><sub>+<\/sub>\u2013 <em>q<\/em><em><sub>&#8211; <\/sub><\/em>) \u0939\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image17-7.png\" alt=\"Current Electricity\" class=\"wp-image-147834\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image17-7.png 376w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image17-7-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"142\" height=\"116\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image41-8.png\" alt=\"Current Electricity\" class=\"wp-image-147837\" style=\"object-fit:cover\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>q = \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 (\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0949\u092e, \ud835\udc36 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I = \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930, \ud835\udc34 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>t = \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 (\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921, <em>s<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (Instantaneous Current)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"302\" height=\"122\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image193.png\" alt=\"Current Electricity\" class=\"wp-image-147840\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image193.png 302w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image193-300x121.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0394Q \u0935\u0939 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u0394t \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908: \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 (A) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 1 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u0949\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939: 1A=1 C\/s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0928\u093e: \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e: \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 (\u00b5A)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a<\/td><td>\u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0940, \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/td><td>\u0924\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e<\/td><td>\u0930\u092c\u0921\u093c, \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a, \u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \/ Semiconductors<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932)<\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928, \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \/ Superconductors<\/strong><\/td><td>T<sub>c<\/sub> \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923<\/td><td>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0928\u093e\u0907\u0913\u092c\u093f\u092f\u092e, YBCO<\/td><td>MRI, \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915: <\/strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902: <\/strong>\u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e (Cu), \u091a\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0940 (Ag), \u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e (Au), \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Al)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902: <\/strong>\u092a\u0940\u0924\u0932<strong> <\/strong>(Cu + Zn), \u0915\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u092f (Cu + Sn), \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e (Ni + Cr + Fe)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u094d\u092f): <\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0935\u0923, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0928\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 <strong>(<\/strong>NaCl \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928), \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 (HCl, H\u2082SO\u2084)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0935\u0923: <\/strong>\u0917\u0932\u093f\u0924<strong> <\/strong>NaCl, \u0917\u0932\u093f\u0924 KCl<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Superconductors): <\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a (<strong>T\u2080<\/strong>) \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902: <\/strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e<strong> <\/strong>(Hg), \u0938\u0940\u0938\u093e (Pb), \u0928\u093e\u0907\u0913\u092c\u093f\u092f\u092e (Nb)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915:<\/strong> YBCO (\u092f\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Semiconductor)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940(<strong>insulators)<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e (\u0924\u093e\u092a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936, \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 (\u0921\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915:<\/strong> \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928 (Si), \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Ge)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (\u0921\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0921): <\/strong>P-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a (\u092c\u094b\u0930\u0949\u0928-\u0921\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0921<strong> <\/strong>Si), N-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a (\u092b\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0938-\u0921\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0921 Si)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u093f-\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0948\u0938, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0911\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0938\u0940\u0928 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0939 (\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">F = -eE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947\u0932, \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"704\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image98-2.png\" alt=\"Current Electricity\" class=\"wp-image-147845\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image98-2.png 960w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image98-2-600x440.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image98-2-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image98-2-768x563.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939: Conventional Current Flow:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (+) \u0938\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (\u2212) \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 (\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>This is because electrons are negatively charged and move towards the positive terminal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (\u2212) \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (+) \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f:<\/strong> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 (\u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935,<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"564\" height=\"414\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image126-1.png\" alt=\"Current Electricity\" class=\"wp-image-147848\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image126-1.png 564w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image126-1-300x220.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 564px) 100vw, 564px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V=W\/q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V = \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935 (\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>W = \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u091c\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>q = \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 (\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0949\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908: \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f<\/strong> (V)<br>1 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f = 1 \u091c\u0941\u0932\/\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0949\u092e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0926\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u0394V = V<sub>B<\/sub>\u2212V<sub>A <\/sub>= W\/q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0394V = \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u00a0 B \u0914\u0930 A \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>W = \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>q = \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908: \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f<\/strong> (V)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0932 (EMF) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <strong>\u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (P)<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 (N)<\/strong>, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u094d\u092f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0942\u092c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0932 (EMF):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 (\u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940\/\u0938\u0947\u0932) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u03b5 = V<\/strong><strong><sub>+ <\/sub><\/strong><strong>+ V<\/strong><strong><sub>&#8211;<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (r)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (r) \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094b \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0932 (EMF) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 (R) \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>V = \u03b5\u2212Ir&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03b5 = EMF<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I = \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>r = \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>I= <\/strong><strong>\u03b5<\/strong><strong>R+r<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 (\u092a\u0948\u0930\u0932\u0932) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0910\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e (\u0938\u0940\u0930\u0940\u091c) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>AC vs. DC (Types of Current)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (DC)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (AC)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940, \u0938\u0947\u0932, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u091c\u0928\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930, \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>0 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c (Hz Hz Hz)<\/td><td>50 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924), 60 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c (\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c)<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0938\u0949\u0907\u0921\u0932 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0930\u0942\u092a (\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0930, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><td>\u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 (Circuit Diagram):<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image144-2-1024x502.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-148548\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image144-2-1024x502.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image144-2-600x294.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image144-2-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image144-2-768x376.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image144-2.png 1270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image139-2-1024x540.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-148550\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image139-2-1024x540.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image139-2-600x317.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image139-2-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image139-2-768x405.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image139-2.png 1262w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938. \u0913\u092e \u0928\u0947 1828 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V \u221d I<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V = IR<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V = \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 (\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f, V)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I = \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930, A)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R = \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (\u0913\u092e, \u03a9)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R <\/strong>(\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0913\u092e (\u03a9) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"776\" height=\"618\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image107.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147856\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image107.png 776w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image107-600x478.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image107-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image107-768x612.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (dashed line) \u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (solid line) \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c V \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 R \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (l) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (A) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>R\u221dl <\/strong>(Increases with length)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0906\u0927\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>R \u221d <\/strong><strong>1<\/strong><strong>A<\/strong><br><br>(\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u092a\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">R = \u03c1 lA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03c1 = \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e (\u0913\u092e-\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u03a9\u22c5m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l = \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A =\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, m\u00b2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e:<\/strong> V=I\u00d7R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f: V =I \u03c1 lA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (j)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">j = IA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> A\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V = j \u03c1 l<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 l \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 E \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V = E l<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u093f\u091b\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">E l = j \u03c1 l&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">E = j \u03c1\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f j \u0914\u0930 E \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Screenshot-2025-08-27-at-8.38.43\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147860\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Screenshot-2025-08-27-at-8.38.43\u202fPM.png 458w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Screenshot-2025-08-27-at-8.38.43\u202fPM-300x88.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ud835\udc57\u20d7<\/strong> : \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ud835\udc38\u20d7<\/strong> : \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03c1<\/strong> : Resistivity of the material<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u03c3 = 1\/\u03c1<\/strong> : \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>j=\u03c3E<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u093f\u0936 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. <strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0913\u092e\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925<\/strong><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0913\u092e\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 V\u221dI.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0913\u092e\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 V\u2212I V-I V\u2212I \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"388\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image186-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147863\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image186-1.png 388w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image186-1-300x274.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. <strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u0903, \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u093f-\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 (superconductors) \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f: V=I\u00d70=0 (\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (AC) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (DC) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (AC) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f-\u0906\u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 (Reactance) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e (\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (\u03a9\u00b7m)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>10<sup>-8<\/sup> \u0938\u0947 10<sup>-6 <\/sup>(\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e)<\/td><td>\u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0940, \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \/ Semiconductors<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a (\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964)<\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0928, \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 10<sup>18<\/sup> \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>\u0930\u092c\u0921\u093c, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>\u0924\u093e\u0930-\u0932\u093f\u092a\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 (Wire-Bound Resistors)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940\u0928, \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u091f\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0921 (4 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (\u2191)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u2191)<\/td><td>\u03c4 \u2193 (\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \/ collisions)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u2193)<\/td><td>n\u2191 (\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e, \u092e\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940\u0928, \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u0902\u091f\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><td>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>n = \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03c4 = \u091f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094b\u0902 \/ collisions\u00a0 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902:, n \u2248 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u2192 \u03c1\u221d1\/\u03c4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \/ <strong>semiconductors<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 n \u2191 \u2192 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e \u2193<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 <strong>\u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0916\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935\u094b\u0902 (\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902) \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e (H) \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>H\u221dI<sup>2<\/sup> \u2192 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u221dR \u2192 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H\u221dt \u2192 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u092c \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e I \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915&nbsp; R \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u092f t \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">H = I<sup>2<\/sup>Rt<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>H = \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (\u091c\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I = \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R = \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (\u0913\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>t = \u0938\u092e\u092f (\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e V=IR, \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">H = VIt<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0915, \u0913\u0935\u0928, \u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0915\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u0921\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f (\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928) \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u0902\u0917\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a <strong>(3380\u00b0C)<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0928) \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0938\u093e \u092f\u093e \u091f\u093f\u0928) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u091f\u0942\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: <strong>1 A, 2 A, 5 A, 10 A<\/strong>, \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 <strong>1 kW <\/strong>\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 <strong>220 V <\/strong>\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e = \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\/\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c =1000\/220 \u2248 4.54\u2009A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0924\u0903, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>5 A fuse<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0939 \u0926\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>P = VI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e V = IR, \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">P = I<sup>2<\/sup>R or<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">P = V<sup>2<\/sup>\/R<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>P = \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (\u0935\u093e\u091f W \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V = \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c (\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f, V \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I = \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930, A \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R = \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (\u0913\u092e, \u03a9 \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u091f (W)<\/strong>: \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<br><strong>1 \u0935\u093e\u091f<\/strong> = \u091c\u092c 1 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 1 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">1\u2009W = 1\u2009V \u00d7 1\u2009A = 1 VA&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0916\u092a\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e = \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u00d7 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908: <strong>\u0935\u093e\u091f-\u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e (Wh)<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0935\u093e\u091f-\u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e (kWh)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0935\u093e\u091f-\u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e (kWh):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">1\u2009kWh = 1000\u2009W \u00d7 3600\u2009s = 3.6\u00d710<sup>6<\/sup>\u2009J<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<strong> &#8220;1 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 2 kW \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0917\u0940\u091c\u093c\u0930 3 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0916\u092a\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/strong> = \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u00d7 \u0938\u092e\u092f = 2\u2009kW\u00d73\u2009h = 6\u2009kWh = 6 units<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc42\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f (Power Loss in Transmission Lines)<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 R \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 R \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f P \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e: <strong>I = P\/V<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f (\u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940) \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">P<sub>loss <\/sub>= I<sup>2<\/sup>R = P<sup>2<\/sup>R\/V<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"312\" height=\"136\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image110-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-148557\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image110-2.png 312w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image110-2-300x131.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091b\u094b\u0930 (\u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902\/\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902) \u092a\u0930, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 <strong>\u201c\u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c\u201d <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>1. \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"89\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5-1024x89.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147883\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5-1024x89.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5-600x52.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5-300x26.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5-768x67.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5-1536x133.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image65-5.png 1704w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930: \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 R<sub>1<\/sub>, R<sub>2<\/sub>, R<sub>3<\/sub> \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e I\u00a0 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c = \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V=V<sub>1<\/sub>+V<sub>2<\/sub>+V<sub>3<\/sub>+\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0913\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">V= IR<sub>1<\/sub> + IR<sub>2<\/sub> + IR<sub>3<\/sub> = I (R<sub>1<\/sub> + R<sub>2<\/sub> + R<sub>3<\/sub>) = IR<sub>eq<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (R<sub>eq<\/sub>) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>R<sub>eq<\/sub>=R<sub>1<\/sub>+R<sub>2<\/sub>+R<sub>3<\/sub>+\u22ef+R<sub>n<\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. <strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e = \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">I=I<sub>1<\/sub>+I<sub>2<\/sub>+I<sub>3<\/sub>+\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image120.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147889\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image120.png 700w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image120-600x123.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image120-300x62.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"196\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image58-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147891\" style=\"width:100px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (R<sub>eq<\/sub>) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"138\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image101-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147886\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image101-2.png 610w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image101-2-600x136.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image101-2-300x68.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u093e, \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"306\" height=\"132\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image19-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147894\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image19-5.png 306w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image19-5-300x129.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 (\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e + \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"494\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image72-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147896\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image72-5.png 494w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image72-5-300x96.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 494px) 100vw, 494px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"342\" height=\"124\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image201.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147898\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image201.png 342w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image201-300x109.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"294\" height=\"74\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image212.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147900\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c V, \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"196\" height=\"134\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image58-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147891\" style=\"width:100px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0902\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0902\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><td>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u092e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image47-4-1024x158.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147904\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image47-4-1024x158.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image47-4-600x93.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image47-4-300x46.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image47-4-768x119.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image47-4.png 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0932 (EMF) \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"374\" height=\"48\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image79-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147906\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image79-1.png 374w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image79-1-300x39.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"376\" height=\"52\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image197.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147908\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image197.png 376w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image197-300x41.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0909\u0932\u091f (\u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e EMF \u0918\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0932<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image181-1-1024x609.png\" alt=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-147911\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image181-1-1024x609.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image181-1-600x357.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image181-1-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image181-1-768x457.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image181-1.png 1062w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u092c\u0932 (emf):<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"346\" height=\"106\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image145-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147917\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image145-1.png 346w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image145-1-300x92.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"270\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image36-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147914\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 n \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Emf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"452\" height=\"128\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image85-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147919\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image85-3.png 452w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image85-3-300x85.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 452px) 100vw, 452px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"378\" height=\"120\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image209.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147921\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image209.png 378w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image209-300x95.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0932\u0942\u092a (multi-loop) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941-\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e (multi-branch) \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(\u0915) \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \/ Junction Rule (\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>&#8220;\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e = \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u2014\u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e &#8220;\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&#8221; \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940; \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u2211I<sub>in <\/sub>= \u2211I<sub>out<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f I<sub>1<\/sub>\u200b \u0914\u0930 I<sub>2<\/sub>\u200b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 I<sub>3<\/sub>\u200b \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">&nbsp;I<sub>1 <\/sub>+ I<sub>2<\/sub>\u200b = I<sub>3<\/sub>\u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"240\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image157-1.png\" alt=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-147925\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>(\u0916) \u0932\u0942\u092a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>&#8220;\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0932\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c) \u0915\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092b\u0932\u0928 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908) \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092f\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u2211\u0394V=0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/aa-1.jpg\" alt=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-147927\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/aa-1.jpg 200w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/aa-1-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u091f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 (Wheatstone Bridge)<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u091f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"578\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image219.png\" alt=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-147929\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image219.png 578w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image219-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image219-300x297.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940\u0930\u0947 (\u0921\u093e\u092f\u092e\u0902\u0921) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>R\u2081, R\u2082, R<\/strong><strong><sub>X<\/sub><\/strong><strong>, R<\/strong><strong><sub>V<\/sub><\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 C \u0914\u0930 D \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (G) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 A \u0914\u0930 B \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e\/\u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c \u0917\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Ig=0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"344\" height=\"142\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pp.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-147930\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pp.png 344w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/pp-300x124.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092f\u0926\u093f <strong>R\u2081, R\u2082, R<\/strong><strong><sub>V<\/sub><\/strong> \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e&nbsp; <strong>R<\/strong><strong><sub>X<\/sub><\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 &#8211;<\/strong> \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u091f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 1 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u092f<\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935)&nbsp;\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0935\u0948\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923)<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f&nbsp;\u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u091f\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u0928\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b<\/td><td>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0917\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e&nbsp;\u0938\u0941\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947&nbsp;\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093e<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924&nbsp;\u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928\u0930\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0927\u0942\u0932-\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0928\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948&nbsp;\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/td><td>\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940<\/td><td>\u090f\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>FAQ (Previous year questions)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:10px;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:14px;padding-right:16px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);background:#f1ad71;border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f1ad71;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:10px;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id148540_e27258-54 kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane148540_92116f-83\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\">Q. 1 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, <\/strong>\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928) <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0928, \u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0913\u0935\u0928, \u0915\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c<\/strong>: \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c<\/strong>: \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092b\u093c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1756912076790\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/strong><\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, <\/strong>\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928) <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0928, \u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0913\u0935\u0928, \u0915\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c<\/strong>: \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c<\/strong>: \u091c\u092c \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092b\u093c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0924\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948? \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901: \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e (Instantaneous Current) \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":69911,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e : \u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u092f\u0928, \u0905\u0924\u093f, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u0935, \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0910\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930, \u0913\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0924\u093e\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u0906\u092f\u0930\u0928, \u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0913\u0935\u0928, \u0915\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c<\/strong>: \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 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