{"id":148463,"date":"2025-08-26T17:00:18","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T11:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=148463"},"modified":"2025-09-03T16:23:48","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T10:53:48","slug":"heat","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/physics\/heat\/","title":{"rendered":"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/physics\/\">\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/td><td>\u0905\u0902\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016<\/td><td>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964<\/td><td>2M<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-fca494cf5a933cb4df05f3f34ddf7708\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0938\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u091c \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093e\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0940\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 &#8220;\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e&#8221; \u092f\u093e &#8220;\u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940&#8221; \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 (\u00b0C), \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u00b0F) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 (K) <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0909\u092c\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e <strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a<\/strong> \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0942\u0932 (J) \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940 (cal) <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u091a\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u092a \u0915\u094b \u091b\u0942\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0942\u0932 (J) &#8211;<\/strong> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940 (\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940) &#8211; <\/strong>1 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b 1\u00b0C \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940 =<\/strong> 4.186 \u091c\u0942\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0917 <\/strong>\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 \u091c\u0942\u0932 = 107 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0917<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 (\u00b0C) &#8211; <\/strong>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 (0\u00b0C) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 (100\u00b0C) \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u00b0F) &#8211; <\/strong>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 32\u00b0F \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 212\u00b0F \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 (K) &#8211;<\/strong> SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908, \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f 0 K (\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e &#8211; <\/strong>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915 0\u00b0R \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 80\u00b0R \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u094b 80 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00b0C= 5\/9 (\u00b0F\u221232)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00b0F= 9\/5 (\u00b0C) + 32<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K= \u00b0C + 273.15<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 <\/strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u094b 0 K \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948:<br>T(K)= t(\u00b0C) + 273.15\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>0\u00b0C = 273.15 K<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>100\u00b0C = 373.15 K<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td><td>0\u00b0C<\/td><td>100\u00b0C<\/td><td>-273.15\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 (K)<\/strong><\/td><td>273.15 K<\/td><td>373.15 K<\/td><td>0 K<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u093c\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/td><td>32\u00b0F<\/td><td>212\u00b0F<\/td><td>-459.67\u00b0F<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/td><td>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/td><td>\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u091c \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/td><td>\u091c\u0942\u0932 (J)<\/td><td>\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 (K)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/td><td>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/td><td>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc47\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930:<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 {\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921-\u0907\u0928-\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930}<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930: <\/strong>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e, \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0917\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 (\u00b0C) \u092e\u0947\u0902 35\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 42\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e &#8211;<strong>10\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 110\u00b0C<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921-\u0907\u0928-\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0940\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u0949\u092f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930, \u0939\u092e \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>PV\u221dT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>PV=\u03bcRT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u03bc =<\/strong> \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R =<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915 = 8.31 J mol\u207b\u00b9 K\u207b\u00b9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915<strong> \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924-\u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>P\u221dT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0924\u0932\u092c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930, \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"530\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image226-1.png\" alt=\"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-148478\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image226-1.png 530w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/image226-1-300x145.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 530px) 100vw, 530px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e<\/strong> \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 -273.15 \u0921\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b<strong> \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-9e9980a7ed12941282e4cd73ca242a50\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>(A) \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>(\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0394L=L<\/strong><strong><sub>0<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u03b1\u0394T&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0394L= \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L<sub>0<\/sub>\u200b = \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03b1 = \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0394T = \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>(\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0394A=A<\/strong><strong><sub>0<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u03b2\u0394T&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u03b2 = \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f:<\/strong> \u03b2=2\u03b1 (\u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>(\u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0932\u094b\u0939\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915, \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0924\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0394V=V<sub>0<\/sub>\u03b3\u0394T<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u03b3 = \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u03b3 or \u03b1<sub>v<\/sub>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u092e\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907 l \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u0928 (Cube) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u092c&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f: <\/strong>\u090f\u0915\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u091c\u093e l \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u03b3=3\u03b1&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0948\u0916\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u03b1, \u03b2 \u092f\u093e y \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03b1: \u03b2: \u03b3 = 1:2:3&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u03b1) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927: \u03b2=2\u03b1 <\/strong>(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u03b3) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927: \u03b3=3\u03b1 <\/strong>(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u091f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u091f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0932 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0941\u0932\u094b\u0902&nbsp; (Metal Bridges) <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c (Expansion Joints)&nbsp; \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u0927\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0922\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0924\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0922\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094b \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 <strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>(B) \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<strong>\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc40\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 4\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 0\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0915\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 4\u00b0C \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1-1024x466.png\" alt=\"Heat\" class=\"wp-image-147677\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1-1024x466.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1-600x273.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1-768x349.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1-1536x699.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image130-1.png 1618w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u091d\u0940\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0916\u0902\u0921 \u0924\u0948\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 4\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0921\u0942\u092c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp; \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 4\u00b0C \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 4\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0918\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp; \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e 4\u00bac \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e 4\u00bac \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e 9\/10\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e 90% \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0914\u0930 10% \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>(C) \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948::<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>V\u221dT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u03b1<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong><strong>=1\/T<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0932 [Thermal stress]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0932 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0932 = Y\u00d7\u03b1<\/strong><strong><sub>L<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00d7\u0394T&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <strong>Y<\/strong> = \u092f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-78b844c72f1fef101961f00013e0141e\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 1 \u0915\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b 1 K \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image228.png\" alt=\"Heat\" class=\"wp-image-147684\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908<strong> J kg\u207b\u00b9 K\u207b\u00b9 <\/strong>\u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0939\u092e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092e\u094b\u0932 (\u03bc)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"218\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image162.png\" alt=\"Heat\" class=\"wp-image-147682\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 <strong>C<\/strong> <strong>\u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b 1 K \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 SI \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 <strong>J mol\u207b\u00b9 K\u207b\u00b9 <\/strong>\u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>At constant volume (Cv):<\/strong> When the gas is heated while keeping its volume constant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0930 (Cp):<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u0930 (Cv): <\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 <\/strong>\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0915 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<strong> \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u091f\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902,<\/strong> \u091c\u093c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\/\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f: \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0924\u092c \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0909\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e = \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>(\u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947)\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 <\/strong>\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">m<sub>1<\/sub>c<sub>1<\/sub>\u0394T<sub>1<\/sub>=m<sub>2<\/sub>c<sub>2<\/sub>\u0394T<sub>2&nbsp;<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e <\/strong>\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924\u093e&nbsp; \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-4a94916f9dcacaa353ca1a51f7a9ba04\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 : \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp; \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u091c \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u091c \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0932\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u2192 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935&nbsp;<\/td><td>0\u00b0C \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091c\u092e\u0928\u093e (\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u2192 \u0920\u094b\u0938&nbsp;<\/td><td>0\u00b0C \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u092e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u2192 \u0917\u0948\u0938&nbsp;<\/td><td>100\u00b0C \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092c\u093e\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u2192 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0920\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0940 \u092c\u094b\u0924\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0942\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u2192 \u0917\u0948\u0938 (\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e)&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0938\u0942\u0916\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b (\u0920\u094b\u0938 CO\u2082) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 [\u091c\u092e\u0928\u093e]<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 &#8211; <\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0907\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928 <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u092f\u0928 (Regelation): \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0932\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f<strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u091f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b,<\/strong> \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0901\u0915\u093f, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u091c\u0932<strong> \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091c\u092e\u0915\u0930 <\/strong>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u092f\u0928 (Regelation) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0939\u0915 (lubricant)<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Boiling) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928 (Condensation)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915<\/strong>: \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 <strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f <\/strong>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u092a \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092c \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 <strong>100\u00b0C \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 120\u00b0C<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0925\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u0935\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0928:&nbsp; \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0916\u0940 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b (\u0920\u094b\u0938 CO\u2082) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0921\u0940\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e: \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0938, \u0906\u0926\u093f), \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 (\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924) \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (L):<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Q=mL<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Q<\/strong> = \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\/\u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (\u091c\u0942\u0932)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>m<\/strong> = \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L<\/strong> = \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (\u091c\u0942\u0932\/\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (<\/strong>L<sub>f<\/sub><strong>)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0915\u0947 1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Q=mL<\/strong><strong><sub>f<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u091c\u0932 (\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f L<sub>f<\/sub> = 3.33 \u00d7 10\u2075 J\/kg \u2192&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f <strong>0\u00b0C<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 <strong>1 kg \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>3.33 \u00d7 10\u2075 J<\/strong> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (L<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong><strong>)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e 1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Q=mL<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>L<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong> = 22.6 \u00d7 10\u2075 J\/kg \u2192&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f 100\u00b0C \u092a\u0930 1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 22.6 \u00d7 10\u2075 J \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc4f\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092c\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u093e\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e)\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u092d\u093e\u092a \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u092e\u094d\u092d\u0940\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0939 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-83dd35328e94bb5311c0bf789055b72b\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923: \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0917\u092e\u0928<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>1. \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e\/\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Conduction) \u2013 \u0920\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 <\/strong>\u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0921\u093c \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u093e \u0932\u094c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091b\u0921\u093c \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u091c\u0926\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"746\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image89-3.png\" alt=\"Heat\" class=\"wp-image-147692\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image89-3.png 746w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image89-3-600x373.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image89-3-300x187.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 (H) \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u092b\u0942\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948: &#8220;\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"118\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image64-5.png\" alt=\"Heat\" class=\"wp-image-147695\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image64-5.png 354w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image64-5-300x100.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>H<\/strong> = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0930 (W \u092f\u093e J\/s)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K<\/strong> = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e (W\/m\u00b7K) &#8211; \u0906\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>A<\/strong> = \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925-\u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 (m\u00b2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L<\/strong> = \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T<\/strong><strong><sub>C<\/sub><\/strong> =\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u00b0C \u092f\u093e K)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T<\/strong><strong><sub>D<\/sub><\/strong> = \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u00b0C \u092f\u093e K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (K \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925-\u0915\u093e\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 (A)<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c:<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (L) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <\/strong>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e (K): \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 (insulators) \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941<\/strong> (\u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e, \u091a\u093e\u0902\u0926\u0940, \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941 <\/strong>\u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0935\u0947 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 (insulators) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 (thermal insulation) \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u0901\u0938\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Conduction) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u093e \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u0924\u0947\u0902<\/strong> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091b\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u094b\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0916\u093f\u0921\u093c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092b\u0901\u0938\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0925\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092b\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (surface area) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>2. \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (\u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 &#8211; \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0918\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e, \u0938\u0918\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091a\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/strong> \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928<\/strong> \u2013 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 (Sea Breeze) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 (Land Breeze) \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928<\/strong> \u2013 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0902\u0916\u094b\u0902 (fans) \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0902\u092a\u094b\u0902 (pumps) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0902\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0902\u0916\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"362\" height=\"242\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image51-6.png\" alt=\"Heat\" class=\"wp-image-147702\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image51-6.png 362w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image51-6-300x201.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>dQ\/dt<\/strong> = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u2082<\/strong> = \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u2081<\/strong> = \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>k<\/strong> = \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915 (\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u2082 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0932:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"332\" height=\"90\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image32-8.png\" alt=\"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-147705\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image32-8.png 332w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image32-8-300x81.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 C&#8217; \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0947\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u2192 \u091a\u093e\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0949\u092b\u093c\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0917\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901, <strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 <strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e <\/strong>\u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940<strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092a\u0935\u0928\u0947\u0902 <\/strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/rajras.in\/aa3c927a-501b-4f21-8868-d9de7c34991a\" width=\"308\" height=\"279\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0930 (Land Breeze) \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/rajras.in\/f1e7fa08-e4c2-4475-9d42-ef06c06cd206\" width=\"340.46092715231805\" height=\"329.1649613246675\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>3. \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 <strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f (3 \u00d7 10\u2078 m\/s) \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 (emit) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a <strong>\u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0932-\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e<\/strong> (Red-hot iron) \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c \u0915\u093e \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928-\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;&#8221;\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e&nbsp; \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>E = \u03c3T<\/strong><strong><sup>4<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E = \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03c3 = \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928-\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0915&nbsp; (5.67\u00d710<sup>-8 <\/sup>W\/m\u00b2\u00b7K\u2074)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T = \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0915\u093e\/\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 <\/strong>\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u201c\u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923- <\/strong>\u092d\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e \u0920\u0902\u0921 \u0932\u0917\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0905\u0901\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0930\u091a\u0949\u092b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0901\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0947\u0915\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926\/\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0928\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0915\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947<strong> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/strong> \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928:<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924: <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u092a:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u092a\u0930: <\/strong>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940\/\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964 [\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u0915\u0930]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-8c5e9ee8f4287d27ddac227116fa74b0\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 <strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong> \u0915\u0939\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0947\u091a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>1. \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics) \u2013 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e:<\/strong> &#8220;\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f (A \u0914\u0930 B) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f (C) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b A \u0914\u0930 B \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964&#8221; <strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\/\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f <strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>2.&nbsp; \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (First Law of Thermodynamics) \u2013 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928 \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0394U=Q\u2212W<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0394U = \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q = \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>W = \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (W) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, \u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>3. \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Second Law of Thermodynamics) \u2013 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u2013 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u2018\u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0915\u2019 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>&#8220;\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0901\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0964&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u2192<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902<strong> 100% \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0925\u0928 \u2013 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>&#8220;\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0939\u0940 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940\u0964&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2192 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f <strong>\u0930\u0947\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 <\/strong>&#8211; \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930) \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a (\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0905\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"122\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/image114.png\" alt=\"\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\" class=\"wp-image-147714\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 dQ \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 T \u0915\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940 (Entropy) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0925\u0928: (\u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0925\u0928)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong><em>&#8220;\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Isolated System) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940 (\u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e) \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2192 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u093f\u0918\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>4. \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Third Law of Thermodynamics) \u2013 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0925\u0928:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em><strong>&#8220;\u091c\u092c \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f (0 K) \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&#8221;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f <\/em>&nbsp;(0 K) <\/strong>\u092a\u0930, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0941\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0905\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (\u090f\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940) \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f (0 K) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \/ \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \/ \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f<\/td><td>\u092f\u0926\u093f A = C \u0914\u0930 B = C, \u0924\u094b A = B (\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u092f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>\u0394U=Q\u2212W<\/strong> (\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u0943\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f<\/td><td>\u091c\u092c \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 <strong>0 K<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u092b\u0932<\/td><td>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0908 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u0941\u0930\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0923\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928<\/td><td>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0947\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928-\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e&nbsp; \u221d T<sup>4&nbsp; <\/sup>\u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0918\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0915 2016 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":69911,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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