{"id":141372,"date":"2025-06-16T11:24:09","date_gmt":"2025-06-16T05:54:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=141372"},"modified":"2026-04-24T11:30:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-24T06:00:18","slug":"space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 : \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 : \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/\">\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 ; \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/indian-space-programme\/\">\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/launch-vehicles\/\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f RAS Mains \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948; RAS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/pre\/india\/science-and-tech\/space-technology-for-ras-prelims\/\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id141372_f9c7fa-a7 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/td><td>\u0905\u0902\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2024<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, &#8216;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/td><td>10 M<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u0932 1 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0964&nbsp;<\/td><td>5 M<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2021<\/td><td>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/td><td>2 M<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-650e44393821585ea378b925f5a7d7e4\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 : \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-bfde7b2bd960058d4155c16be6cd4bc1\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 20\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1903: <\/strong>\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0924\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0935\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1926:<\/strong> \u0930\u0949\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0917\u094b\u0921\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932-\u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1944\u20131945: <\/strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930 \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>V-2 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c (1950\u20131970) \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0936\u0940\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u094c\u0921\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1957: <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0941\u0924\u0928\u093f\u0915 1 \u0914\u0930 2 (\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940, USSR)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1958: <\/strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0930 1 (\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u0935\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091f)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1959:<\/strong> \u0932\u0942\u0928\u093e 2 (\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, USSR)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1961\u201369: <\/strong>\u0917\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0928 (\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935, USSR) \u2192 \u092e\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0928\u0930 2 (\u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930, USA) \u2192 \u0932\u0942\u0928\u093e 9 (\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, USSR) \u2192 \u0905\u092a\u094b\u0932\u094b 11 (\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, USA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1971\u201377:<\/strong> \u092e\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0928\u0930 9 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938 3 (\u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u2192 \u0932\u0942\u0928\u093e 17 (\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0935\u0930) \u2192 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u091c\u0930 1 (\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e, USA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1981\u201398: <\/strong>\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u092a\u0941\u0928: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0936\u091f\u0932) \u2192 \u091a\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u091c\u0930 (\u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e) \u2192 ISS (\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f (2000-\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938 (\u090f\u0932\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0915), \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942 \u0913\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0928 (\u091c\u0947\u092b \u092c\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 (\u0930\u093f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0928\u0938\u0928) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0932\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938: <\/strong>\u092b\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0928 9, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917\u0928 (\u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, NASA \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930), \u0921\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f (2023 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0926\u094d\u0926)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942 \u0913\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0928:<\/strong> \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0936\u0947\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0921 (\u0938\u092c \u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0938 2021 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0947), \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942 \u0917\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0928 (\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0932), NS-25 (\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0940\u091a\u0902\u0926 \u0925\u094b\u091f\u093e\u0915\u0941\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0930)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0935\u0928 (\u0905\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930, 2004), \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u0936\u093f\u092a \u091f\u0942 (\u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>2020:<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0938 (\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940, 2024\u201328), \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092a\u0930 (\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e, 2024)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2030: <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0948\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928 (NASA\u2013ESA, \u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>2021: <\/strong>\u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a (\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u092c \u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u091f\u0928 (\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942 \u0913\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0928, \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-ae8f25dca61f61813d5d0d16d65f0567\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Orbits)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f\u093e\u0928) \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940) \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u21d2<strong> \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0932<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0921\u093c\u0924\u094d\u0935: <\/strong>\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u21d2 <strong>\u0905\u092a\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0932<\/strong> (\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092d\u093e\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0932)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0932 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0947\u0917 (Orbital Velocity):<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092d\u0942 (Perigee): <\/strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u092d\u0942 (Apogee):<\/strong> \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Elliptical Orbit): <\/strong>\u0905\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Circular Orbit):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f: \u0915\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0947\u0917 (Orbital Velocity):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 <strong>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0932,<\/strong> \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"302\" height=\"128\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image44-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-140214\" style=\"width:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image44-3.png 302w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image44-3-300x127.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"244\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image32-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-140216\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0917 (Escape Velocity):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0932\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0916\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image78.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-140218\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (Orbital Period):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930) \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932 T, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e r \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 M \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"138\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image101.png\" alt=\"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-140221\" style=\"width:200px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f-1024x488.jpeg\" alt=\"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-141388\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f-1024x488.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f-600x286.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f-300x143.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f-768x366.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f-1536x732.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2-1024x400.png\" alt=\"Space technology : Satellites and their orbits\" class=\"wp-image-140227\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2-1024x400.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2-600x234.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2-768x300.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2-1536x599.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image53-2.png 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Low Earth Orbit &#8211; LEO)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 160 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 2,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 90 \u0938\u0947 120 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0947\u0917: <\/strong>\u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: 200 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930 ~7.8 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\/\u0938\u0947 (28,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\/\u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u092e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/td><td>1. \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (field of view)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (latency) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><td>2. \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f (orbital decay) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092c\u0942\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. \u0915\u092e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/td><td>3. \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 (constellations) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/td><td>4. \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u091a\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940<\/td><td>5. \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 (drag) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0932<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u091c\u093e\u0938\u0942\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, RISAT-2B, EOS-01<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 (ISS), \u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 (\u091a\u0940\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 (\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938), \u0935\u0928\u0935\u0947\u092c, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u0907\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f:<\/strong> LEO \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939) \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0939\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a, \u090f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0948\u091f (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0928 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942 \u0913\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a-\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f LEO \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Medium Earth Orbit &#8211; MEO)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u0947 2,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 35,786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932:<\/strong> 2 \u0938\u0947 12 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> LEO \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 GEO \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>MEO \u0909\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 LEO \u0914\u0930 GEO \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (GNSS):<\/strong> MEO, \u092a\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0936\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 (PNT) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>GPS (USA)<\/strong> \u2013 \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908: ~20,200 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940, <strong>GLONASS (\u0930\u0942\u0938), \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0940\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b (\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a), \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0926\u0941 &#8211; BeiDou (\u091a\u0940\u0928)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 (12-\u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939:<\/strong> \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <strong>SES O3b<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>O3b mPOWER<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940) \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container141372_cfbcb9-f6{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_cfbcb9-f6 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_cfbcb9-f6 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_cfbcb9-f6 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container141372_cfbcb9-f6 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table141372_cfbcb9-f6\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row141372_6b213c-2b\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_350c1b-31\">\n\n<p><strong>MEO \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_cd4125-e7\">\n\n<p><strong>MEO \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row141372_ce143f-85\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_e4bd03-27\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c:<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (Lower Latency): <\/strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 (HEO) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c: <\/strong>LEO \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_40a147-28\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e: \u0935\u0948\u0928 \u090f\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091f <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u0932: <\/strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (High Earth Orbit &#8211; HEO)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (HEO) \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e <strong>\u0905\u092a\u092d\u0942 (apogee)<\/strong> \u092d\u0942-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (35,786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092f\u093e 22,236 \u092e\u0940\u0932) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (Orbital Period):<\/strong> 24 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915, \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HEO \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>GEO (Geostationary Orbit):<\/strong> \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, <strong>GSO (Geosynchronous Orbit):<\/strong> \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, <strong>GTO (Geostationary Transfer Orbit):<\/strong> \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, <strong>HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit):<\/strong> \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, <strong>NRHO (Near-Rectilinear Halo Orbit):<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0906\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 (\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928):<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0947\u0915 (redundancy) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container141372_bcc291-51{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_bcc291-51 th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_bcc291-51 caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_bcc291-51 td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container141372_bcc291-51 wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table141372_bcc291-51\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row141372_a8863a-b8\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_223c89-ac\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d (Advantages)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_37f060-12\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Challenges)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row141372_912958-40\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_236fcf-f0\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_5533e0-e8\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932:<\/strong> \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\/\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (Communication Delay\/Latency)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e:<\/strong> HEO \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> HEO \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e LEO \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 5 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (HEO &#8211; Highly Elliptical Orbit) &#8211; <\/strong>HEO \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u0942 (Perigee):<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 2,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092a\u092d\u0942 (Apogee):<\/strong> GEO (\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e) \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0924\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0928\u0924\u093f (Inclination):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092c\u0940\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GSO &#8211; Geosynchronous Orbit)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 (23 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 56 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f 4 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 35,786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 (22,236 \u092e\u0940\u0932)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f (equatorial) \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 &#8220;\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e&#8221; \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0906\u0920 (8) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 (\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: <em>GSAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e-1, \u092d\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930-I<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GEO &#8211; Geostationary Orbit)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939: <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090a\u092a\u0930<\/strong> (0\u00b0 \u0928\u0924\u093f) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e <strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938: 1945:<\/strong> \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0938\u0940. \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947<strong> &#8220;\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f&#8221;<\/strong> \u092f\u093e <strong>&#8220;\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091f&#8221; <\/strong>\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939:<\/strong> <em>Syncom 3<\/em> (1963 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> 35,786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 (\u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> 23 \u0918\u0902\u091f\u0947 56 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f 4 \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 (\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <em>INSAT<\/em>, <em>GSAT<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> <em>GOES<\/em> (\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e), <em>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0940<\/em> (\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928), <em>\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0938\u0948\u091f<\/em> (\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a) \u2014 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0916 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> GNSS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 <strong>GTO (Geostationary Transfer Orbit)<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0935\u0939 GEO \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0925\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <em>\u0917\u0941\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930<\/em>) \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 <strong>\u0924\u0940\u0928 GEO \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-container141372_3bd9b7-ee{overflow-x:auto;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_3bd9b7-ee th{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_3bd9b7-ee caption{text-align:center;}.kb-table-container .kb-table141372_3bd9b7-ee td{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);text-align:left;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-table-container kb-table-container141372_3bd9b7-ee wp-block-kadence-table\"><table class=\"kb-table kb-table141372_3bd9b7-ee\">\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row141372_3a96d9-15\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_5f97ce-88\">\n\n<p><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_e2f6c1-c3\">\n\n<p><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n<tr class=\"kb-table-row kb-table-row141372_b454b3-1a\">\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_ff750d-33\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c: <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0938\u0947 81\u00b0 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0914\u0930 77\u00b0 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f: <\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n\n<td class=\"kb-table-data kb-table-data141372_3c38dd-4c\">\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (Latency):<\/strong> ~240 ms \u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c, \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0932-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0940\u0921\u093c (Congestion): <\/strong>GEO \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0932\u0949\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a:<\/strong> 81\u00b0 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 (\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928-\u0915\u0940\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>GSO (\u092d\u0942-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e) \u0914\u0930 GEO (\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"678\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image46-4.png\" alt=\"Space technology : Satellites and their orbits\" class=\"wp-image-140241\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image46-4.png 678w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image46-4-600x290.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image46-4-300x145.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 (Aspect)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GSO)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GEO)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0924\u093f (\u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 0\u00b0 \u0928\u0924\u093f (\u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u090a\u092a\u0930)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 &#8220;\u0905\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e&#8221; (\u0906\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0942\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/td><td>\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c<\/td><td>\u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0942\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GEO, GSO \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u092e\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (0\u00b0 inclination) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Polar Orbit) \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (SSO \u2013 Sun-Synchronous Orbit)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Polar Orbit) <\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924\u094d \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 200 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 1,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901: <\/strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924\u0940\u092f (equatorial) \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928:<\/strong> \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u091f\u094b\u0939\u0940 (reconnaissance), \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<br><em>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <em>Iridium \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932<\/em>, \u091c\u094b \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Sun-Synchronous Orbit &#8211; SSO)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0925 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 <em>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/em> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u092a\u0939\u0930 12 \u092c\u091c\u0947) \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908:<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 600\u2013800 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0936\u0928 (Precession):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 <strong>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u090f\u0935\u0902 <strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong> (Time-series analysis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936: \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0935\u0928\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f, \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908, \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong><em>Cartosat<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, <em>Oceansat<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, <em>SARAL<\/em> (ISRO) \u0907\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u090f\u0938\u090f\u0938\u0913) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0925 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 (Cover) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0924\u093f (Inclination)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 90\u00b0 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 (20\u00b0\u201330\u00b0 \u0924\u0915)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 96\u00b0\u201398\u00b0, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908<\/strong><\/td><td>200\u20131,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 (\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e &#8211; LEO)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 600\u2013800 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0924\/\u0917\u094b\u0927\u0942\u0932\u093f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u091f\u094b\u0939\u0940, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/td><td>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0964<\/td><td>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: ISRO \u0915\u0947 <em>Cartosat<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, NASA \u0915\u093e <em>Landsat<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Transfer Orbits)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u0915 (onboard motors) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 <em>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (eccentricity)<\/em> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <em>GTO (Geostationary Transfer Orbit)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GTO &#8211; Geostationary Transfer Orbit)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <em>LEO <\/em>\u092f\u093e <em>MEO <\/em>\u0938\u0947 <em>GEO <\/em>\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 <em>Ariane 5<\/em> \u092f\u093e <em>Falcon 9<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e GTO \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d: <\/strong>GTO \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091a\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b GEO \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0930\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0925\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> <em>GSAT-31 (ISRO)<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 GTO \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 GEO \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u094b\u0939\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Hohmann Transfer Orbit)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0924:\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (interplanetary) \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Lagrange Point Orbits)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f: <\/strong>\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u094b-\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940-\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f) \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0932 (centrifugal force) \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b <em>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u201c\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u093f\u0924\u201d \u092f\u093e \u0924\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/em> \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u094b-\u0915\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902: <strong>L1, L2, L3, L4, \u0914\u0930 L5<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L1, L2, \u0914\u0930 L3<\/strong> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L4 \u0914\u0930 L5<\/strong> \u0909\u0928 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0939\u0941 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 (Stability):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>L1, L2, \u0914\u0930 L3:<\/strong> <em>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/em> \u2014 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L4 \u0914\u0930 L5:<\/strong> <em>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941<\/em> \u2014 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L4 \u0914\u0930 L5 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 <em>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L1 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <em>Aditya-L1<\/em>)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (LP)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>L1<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a<\/td><td>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u2014<strong> <\/strong><strong><em>Aditya-L1<\/em><\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong><em>SOHO<\/em><\/strong><em> (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>L2<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930<\/td><td>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2014 <strong><em>JWST<\/em><\/strong><em> (James Webb Space Telescope)<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>L3<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/td><td>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>L4<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 60\u00b0 \u0906\u0917\u0947<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/td><td>\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>Trojan Asteroids<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>L5<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0947 60\u00b0 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930<\/td><td>\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <em>Trojan Asteroids<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Halo Orbit):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 L1, L2 \u0914\u0930 L3) \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f (3D), \u0935\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0925 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0924\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e), \u092a\u0930\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u093f\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 &#8220;\u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b&#8221; \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f) \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e-\u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928:<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 <em>James Webb Space Telescope<\/em>, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940-\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 L2 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u092c\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940:<\/strong> L1 \u0914\u0930 L2 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0916\u093f\u0938\u0915 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Heliocentric Orbits):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong><em>Parker Solar Probe, Kepler Space Telescope<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f (Orbital Decay): <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (LEO) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 (atmospheric drag) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903, \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Line): <\/strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0924\u0932 \u0938\u0947 100 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e1c155353400c7b3c240ac7ae9e5a2b0\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (Satellite<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092f\u0947 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br><strong><em>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> <\/strong>\u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e (\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939)\u0964<\/td><td>\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><strong><em>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/em> <\/strong>INSAT-3DR, NavIC \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u0939\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b\u0928 (\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f (\u0925\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e (Generating Thrust):<\/strong> \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932) \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0930\u0923\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 (Staging):<\/strong> \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 &#8211; \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0908\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091f\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 28,000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940\/\u0918\u0902\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 (Deployment):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0930\u0949\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0926\u0928 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Propulsion):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (\u0911\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f) \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Thermal):<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0935 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (AOCS):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 (TTC) \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\/\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>ISRO \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"6\"><strong>A) \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td>1000 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>GSAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td>500\u20131000 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/td><td>INSAT-3DR (\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td>100\u2013500 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/td><td>IMS-1 (<em>Youthsat<\/em>), IMS-2 (<em>SARAL<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td>10\u2013100 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/td><td>ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 <em>Microsat<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td>1\u201310 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 <em>Jugnu<\/em> (IIT \u0915\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0941\u0930), INS-1A, INS-1B<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td>1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e<\/td><td><em>STUDSAT<\/em> \u2013 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"3\"><strong>B) \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (LEO)<\/strong><\/td><td>200\u20132000 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td><td><em>Cartosat-2<\/em> (\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (MEO)<\/strong><\/td><td>2000\u201335786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td><td><em>NavIC<\/em> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GEO)<\/strong><\/td><td>35786 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td><td><em>INSAT-3DR<\/em> (\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td rowspan=\"4\"><strong>C) \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td><em>GSAT<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td><em>NavIC<\/em> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \/ \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Cartosat-2<\/em>, <em>RISAT-1<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0937\u0923 \/ \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td><em>ASTROSAT<\/em> (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"894\" height=\"862\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image16-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-140275\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image16-4.png 894w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image16-4-600x579.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image16-4-300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image16-4-768x741.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 894px) 100vw, 894px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<strong> <\/strong>\u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Working of Communication Satellites)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 (\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915):<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0930):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 (amplify) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 (\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915):<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f (Signal Reception):<\/strong> \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Orbits of Communication Satellites) &#8211; <\/strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>, <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e (latency)<\/strong>, \u0924\u0925\u093e <strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GEO) &#8211; <\/strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936; \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 INSAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924), Intelsat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (MEO) &#8211; <\/strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, O3b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Other 3 Billion)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (LEO) &#8211; <\/strong>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (constellation) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, Starlink (SpaceX), Iridium<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939: <\/strong><em>INSAT<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, <em>GSAT<\/em> \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: <em>GSAT-11<\/em> \u2014 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939: <\/strong><em>Intelsat<\/em> (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization), <em>Starlink<\/em> (SpaceX \u0915\u093e LEO \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0924\u093e\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Uses of Communication Satellites)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0935\u0949\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e (<em>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947: INSAT, VSAT<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928:<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0926\u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940-\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> <em>EDUSAT<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u090f\u091f\u0940\u090f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 (VPN \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>5G \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915:<\/strong> \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 IoT \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f:<\/strong> LEO \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IoT \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 DTH \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (<em>Direct Broadcasting Services<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> OB \u0935\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u094b\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e (<em>Cospas-Sarsat \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (INSAT)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (INSAT)<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 <strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (ISRO) <\/strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0930:<\/strong> INSAT \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 <em>C-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/em>, <em>Extended C-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/em>, \u0924\u0925\u093e <em>Ku-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>INSAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>INSAT-1 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (1982\u20131990 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>INSAT-1A:<\/strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (1982) \u2014 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INSAT-1B:<\/strong> 1983 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u2014 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INSAT-2 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (1990 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915): <\/strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INSAT-3 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (2000 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915): <\/strong>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INSAT-4 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e (2000 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u2013 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928): <\/strong><em>Direct-to-Home (DTH)<\/em> \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>GSAT \u0914\u0930 CMS \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>GSAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e:<\/strong> INSAT \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b GSAT \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CMS \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e:<\/strong> \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2020 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>GSAT \u0914\u0930 CMS \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-1<\/strong><\/td><td>2001<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/td><td>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-2<\/strong><\/td><td>2003<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/td><td>GSLV \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-3<\/strong><\/td><td>2004<\/td><td>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (<strong>EduSat<\/strong>)<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-4<\/strong><\/td><td>2010<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 (HealthSat)<\/td><td>GSLV MK II \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e; \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-7 (Rukmini)<\/strong><\/td><td>2013<\/td><td>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094c\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e)<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u094c\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-7A (Angry Bird)<\/strong><\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u092f\u0930-\u091f\u0942-\u090f\u092f\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u090f\u092f\u0930-\u091f\u0942-\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u0938\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-8<\/strong><\/td><td>2011<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 (GAGAN)<\/td><td>DTH \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-9<\/strong><\/td><td>2017<\/td><td>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939)<\/td><td>\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-11<\/strong><\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0926\u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-30<\/strong><\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/td><td>INSAT-4A \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928; DTH, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>CMS-01<\/strong><\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Extended C-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921)<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f, \u0905\u0902\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0928-\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e 42\u0935\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>GSAT-24<\/strong><\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, DTH \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/td><td>24-Ku \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0905\u0916\u093f\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f DTH \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e (\u091f\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947); <strong>NSIL \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong>; 15 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 (\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (Principles of Satellite Remote Sensing)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0918\u094d\u092f (wavelengths) \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0935 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"619\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4-1024x619.png\" alt=\"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-140272\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4-1024x619.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4-600x363.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4-1536x928.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image40-4.png 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f) \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f (target) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915 (Passive Sensors):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936) \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0915 (Active Sensors):<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947- RADAR \u092f\u093e LIDAR<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 (Transmission):<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923 (Absorption):<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 (Emission):<\/strong> \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 (Scattering):<\/strong> \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Reflection):<\/strong> \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 &#8211; \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Recording):<\/strong> \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp; <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (EM Spectrum)<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f (Visible) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 (Infrared) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\u21d2 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>\u21d2 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 RADAR) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0926\u093f\u0928-\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Transmission, Reception, and Processing):<\/strong> \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 :<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f (visual) \u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (IRS Satellites)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 <em>Bhaskara-1<\/em> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (1979) \u0914\u0930 <em>IRS-1A<\/em> (1988) \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Orbit):<\/strong> IRS \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 <em>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/em> (LEO) \u0914\u0930 <em>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/em> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 IRS \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 IRS-1A, IRS-1B \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e: <strong><em>Oceansat<\/em><\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong><em>Cartosat<\/em><\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong><em>HySIS<\/em><\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong><em>EMISAT<\/em><\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong><em>ResourceSat<\/em><\/strong> \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 2020 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b <strong>EOS<\/strong> (Earth Observation Satellite) \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 (IRS) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 (Functional Classes of IRS Satellites):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IRS-1 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oceansat \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (oceanographic) \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0948\u091f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e:<\/strong> \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0948\u091f-2, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0938\u0948\u091f-3<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HySIS<\/strong>: \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RISAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong>: \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0926\u093f\u0928-\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: RISAT-1, RISAT-2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ResourceSat<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: ResourceSat-1, ResourceSat-2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>INSAT \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0947 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: INSAT-3DR<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SARAL<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0938\u0947 HySIS \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NISAR<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 12 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0916\u0902\u0921, \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930, \u092d\u0942\u091c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EOS \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930-I<\/strong><\/td><td>1979<\/td><td>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u092d\u0942-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 RS-D1<\/strong><\/td><td>1981<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924; \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>HySIS<\/strong><\/td><td>2018<\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>EOS-01<\/strong><\/td><td>2020<\/td><td>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>EOS-04<\/strong><\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f, \u0935\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935 \u092c\u093e\u0922\u093c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941; \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0913\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928\u0938\u0947\u091f-3 (EOS-06)<\/strong><\/td><td>2022<\/td><td>Oceansat \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0935\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>EOS-3 (GISAT-1)<\/strong><\/td><td>2021<\/td><td>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 GISAT \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941; \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0905\u0938\u092b\u0932\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>EOS-07 (Microsat-2B)<\/strong><\/td><td>2023<\/td><td>\u092e\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939; SSLV-D2 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0928\u0908 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong><strong><em>(\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\/\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 (1:250,000 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930), \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u0932\u0928 (Crop Acreage and Production Estimation), CHAMAN \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (\u092c\u093e\u0917\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (InFCCAS) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u092f \u091d\u0940\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0902\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (IPU) \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928, \u092d\u0942\u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Island Information System \u2013 IIS) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0938\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0930\u092c\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0932\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 GIS \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0928\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e (MGNREGA): \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0942-\u091f\u0948\u0917\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e: \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0939\u0932 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u2018\u092d\u0941\u0935\u0928\u2019<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (FSI): \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0928 \u0906\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u0932 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928: \u091c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AMRUT \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0938\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928: \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e: \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0902\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0906\u0902\u0927\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u0941\u0935\u0928 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u2014 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0932\u092c\u093e (Space Debris), \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0902\u0918\u0928, \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f: \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, LIDAR, UAVs \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e &#8211; <\/strong>SkyMap Global, SatSure \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0935 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e &#8211; <\/strong>IN-SPACe \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f &#8211; <\/strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f, \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>NISAR \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u2013 NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (LEO) \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>NASA \u0914\u0930 ISRO <\/strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NISAR \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 12 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0948\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 L \u0914\u0930 S \u0921\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0925\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 (SAR) \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u092b\u0938\u0932 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f, \u092e\u0943\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0924\u0947\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0936\u0939\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u091f\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2022 (National Geospatial Policy 2022)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f <strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DST)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f &#8211;<\/strong> \u092d\u0942-\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation &#8211; \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0908\u0913 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u2013<\/strong> \u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IRNSS\/NavIC (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System &#8211; \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e) \u2013<\/strong> \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>GPS \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938-\u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0908\u0913 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 (GAGAN &#8211; GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Satellite-Based Augmentation System \u2013 SBAS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (ISRO) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (AAI)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 SBAS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (Interoperability) \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 (Signal-in-Space \u2013 SIS):<\/strong> GSAT-8 \u0914\u0930 GSAT-10 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 GAGAN \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>NavIC \/ \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (IRNSS)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"662\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image65-1.png\" alt=\"\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" class=\"wp-image-141475\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image65-1.png 662w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image65-1-600x382.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image65-1-300x191.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (1500 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 (PNT) \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 1500 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Constellation Composition): <\/strong>\u0915\u0941\u0932 9 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 (8 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>7 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Geostationary Orbit) \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>4 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092d\u0942-\u0924\u0941\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit) \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939:<\/strong> IRNSS-1A \u0938\u0947 IRNSS-1I (IRNSS-1H \u0915\u094b PSLV-39 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u093e)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0935\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> 2013\u20132018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Services Offered):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e (Standard Positioning Service \u2013 SPS):<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e (Restricted Service \u2013 RS):<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2023 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ISRO \u0928\u0947 GSLV Mk-II \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 <strong>NVS-01<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u094b NavIC \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NavIC \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (IMO)<\/strong> \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e <em>World Wide Radio Navigation System (WWRNS)<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0905\u092c \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b GPS \u090f\u0935\u0902 GLONASS \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a <strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094c\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NavIC \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>5G \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 1 \u091c\u0928\u0935\u0930\u0940 2025 \u0938\u0947 NavIC \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L1 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 (\u091c\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 GPS \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902) \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>31 \u0926\u093f\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0930 2025<\/strong> \u0924\u0915 NavIC \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> IMO \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u091a\u094c\u0925\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> GPS \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948; 1999 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0917\u093f\u0932 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 GPS \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092c\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915-\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: <\/strong>\u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Precise Timing), \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e: <\/strong>NavIC <strong>S \u0914\u0930 L \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong> \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 5\u201320 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 0.5\u20135 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> GAGAN \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u092e\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0917\u092e \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930: <\/strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 GPS \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 NavIC-\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0938\u0947\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093f: <\/strong>\u0930\u0941\u092c\u093f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0948\u0938 NVS-01 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942\u0906\u0924, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>FAQ (Previous year questions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:10px;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:14px;padding-right:16px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);background:#f1ad71;border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f1ad71;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:10px;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id141372_35d2d4-3d kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane141372_4e6b9d-0a\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, &#8216;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964&nbsp;<\/strong>(\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 10 M, 2024)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"2\"><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092a\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940., \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940. (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940), \u090f\u0928.\u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940<strong>\u0906\u0930.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940. &#8211; \u091f\u0940.\u0921\u0940., \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0928<\/strong><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 &#8211; <\/strong>\u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f.\u091f\u0940. 7, \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f.\u091f\u0940. 7\u090f (\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093f, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u090f.\u0908.\u090f\u0938.\u090f. \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940, \u0928\u093e\u0917 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u090f\u0932.\u0938\u0940.\u090f. \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938, \u091a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092a\u0940.\u090f.\u0921\u0940., \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u0915-8 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902<strong>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0907\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-1, \u0921\u09404\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u091c\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0917\u0928<strong>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0924\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f.\u0908.\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942.\u090f\u0902\u0921.\u0938\u0940. (AEW&amp;C) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f-V \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u093c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (denial regimes)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 MTCR) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (GSLV \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936, \u0914\u0930 S-400 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0942 (\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0938, \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> DRDO, ISRO \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092e\u091c\u0947\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (Dual-use): <\/strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0949\u092e, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: NAVIC (\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928), DISHA \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e), \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, <strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0908-\u091f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: PSLV-C37 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 104 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e: \u0915\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0947\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u092a \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c: <\/strong>LCA \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938 \u0914\u0930 INS \u0905\u0930\u093f\u0939\u0902\u0924 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\/\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0921\u093c\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane141372_dc75f9-6f\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u0932 1 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0964&nbsp;<\/strong>(\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 5 M, 2023)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 2 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2023 \u0915\u094b PSLV C57 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L1 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e) \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 (CME) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>24\u00d77 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u0947\u0902 7 \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (5 ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 SUIT, PAPA, HEL1OS \u0914\u0930 2 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 UV \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ISRO \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b NASA, ESA \u0914\u0930 CNSA \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c: <\/strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09322 (\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09323 (\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane141372_a7c1c9-14\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2021)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (PSLV)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (GSLV)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GTO) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4 \u091a\u0930\u0923 : 1st \u0914\u0930 3rd \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d 2nd \u0914\u0930 4th \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u0932<\/td><td>3 \u091a\u0930\u0923 : \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e &#8211; \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e &#8211; \u0924\u0930\u0932 (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928), \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e &#8211; CUS (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c)&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e : \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-1750 \u0915\u093f.\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e, Sub GTO &#8211; 1425 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/td><td>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e : \u091c\u0940\u091f\u0940\u0913 &#8211; 4000 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, LEO &#8211; 8000-10000 \u0915\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938<\/td><td>\u092b\u0948\u091f \u092c\u0949\u092f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752909509932\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, &#8216;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\u00a0<\/strong>(\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 10 M, 2024)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092a\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940., \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940. (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940), \u090f\u0928.\u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940<strong>\u0906\u0930.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940. &#8211; \u091f\u0940.\u0921\u0940., \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0928\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 &#8211; <\/strong>\u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f.\u091f\u0940. 7, \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f.\u091f\u0940. 7\u090f (\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093f, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u090f.\u0908.\u090f\u0938.\u090f. \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940, \u0928\u093e\u0917 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u090f\u0932.\u0938\u0940.\u090f. \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938, \u091a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u092a\u0940.\u090f.\u0921\u0940., \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u0915-8 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902<strong>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0907\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-1, \u0921\u09404\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u091c\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0917\u0928<strong>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 &#8211; <\/strong>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0924\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f.\u0908.\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942.\u090f\u0902\u0921.\u0938\u0940. (AEW&amp;C) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f-V \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u093c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (denial regimes)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 MTCR) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (GSLV \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936, \u0914\u0930 S-400 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0942 (\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0938, \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> DRDO, ISRO \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092e\u091c\u0947\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0932\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (Dual-use): <\/strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0949\u092e, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: NAVIC (\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928), DISHA \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e), \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, <strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0908-\u091f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: PSLV-C37 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 104 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923\u0964<br\/><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e: \u0915\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0947\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u092a \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<br\/>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c: <\/strong>LCA \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938 \u0914\u0930 INS \u0905\u0930\u093f\u0939\u0902\u0924 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\/\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0921\u093c\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752909525312\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u0932 1 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0964\u00a0<\/strong>(\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 5 M, 2023)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><br\/>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 2 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2023 \u0915\u094b PSLV C57 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<br\/>L1 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e) \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<br\/>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0964<br\/>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 (CME) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<br\/>24\u00d77 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u0947\u0902 7 \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (5 ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 SUIT, PAPA, HEL1OS \u0914\u0930 2 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924)\u0964<br\/>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 UV \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<br\/>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> ISRO \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b NASA, ESA \u0914\u0930 CNSA \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<br\/>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c: <\/strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09322 (\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09323 (\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752909659378\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2021)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (PSLV)<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (GSLV)<\/strong><br\/>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928\u00a0<br\/>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928<br\/>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923\u00a0<br\/>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GTO) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923<br\/>4 \u091a\u0930\u0923 : 1st \u0914\u0930 3rd \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d 2nd \u0914\u0930 4th \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u0932<br\/>3 \u091a\u0930\u0923 : \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e &#8211; \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e &#8211; \u0924\u0930\u0932 (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928), \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e &#8211; CUS (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c)\u00a0<br\/>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e : \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-1750 \u0915\u093f.\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e, Sub GTO &#8211; 1425 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<br\/>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e : \u091c\u0940\u091f\u0940\u0913 &#8211; 4000 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, LEO &#8211; 8000-10000 \u0915\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e<br\/>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938<br\/>\u092b\u0948\u091f \u092c\u0949\u092f<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 : \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":70889,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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\u092e\u0947\u0902, <strong>\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0943\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u00a0<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 - <\/strong>\u092a\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940., \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940. (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940), \u090f\u0928.\u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940<strong>\u0906\u0930.\u090f\u0932.\u0935\u0940. - \u091f\u0940.\u0921\u0940., \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0928\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 - <\/strong>\u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f.\u091f\u0940. 7, \u091c\u0940.\u090f\u0938.\u090f.\u091f\u0940. 7\u090f (\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 - <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924\u093f, \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u090f.\u0908.\u090f\u0938.\u090f. \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 - <\/strong>\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940, \u0928\u093e\u0917 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 - <\/strong>\u090f\u0932.\u0938\u0940.\u090f. \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938, \u091a\u0940\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 - <\/strong>\u092a\u0940.\u090f.\u0921\u0940., \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u0915-8 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902<strong>\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0907\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u0936\u0928 - <\/strong>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930-1, \u0921\u09404\u090f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u091c\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0949\u091f \u0917\u0928<strong>\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 - <\/strong>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0924\u0940\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0928\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f.\u0908.\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942.\u090f\u0902\u0921.\u0938\u0940. (AEW&amp;C) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f-V \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u093c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0924\u093e:<\/strong> \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e (denial regimes)<\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 MTCR) \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0930\u0942\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (GSLV \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936, \u0914\u0930 S-400 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u0921\u093c\u093e\u0915\u0942 (\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0938, \u092a\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930:<\/strong> DRDO, ISRO \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092e\u091c\u0947\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0932, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0915\u0932\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 (Dual-use): <\/strong>\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0949\u092e, \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: NAVIC (\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928), DISHA \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e), \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, <strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0908-\u091f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0917\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: PSLV-C37 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 104 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923\u0964<br\/><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e: \u0915\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0947\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u092a \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<br\/>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0902\u092c: <\/strong>LCA \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0938 \u0914\u0930 INS \u0905\u0930\u093f\u0939\u0902\u0924 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\/\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: <\/strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0921\u093c\u091a\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u092c\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0940) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909525312\",\"position\":2,\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909525312\",\"name\":\"\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u0932 1 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0964\u00a0(\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 5 M, 2023)\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><br\/>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 2 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2023 \u0915\u094b PSLV C57 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<br\/>L1 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e) \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<br\/>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0964<br\/>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 (CME) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<br\/>24\u00d77 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u0947\u0902 7 \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (5 ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 SUIT, PAPA, HEL1OS \u0914\u0930 2 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924)\u0964<br\/>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 UV \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<br\/>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0942\u092b\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> ISRO \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b NASA, ESA \u0914\u0930 CNSA \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<br\/>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c: <\/strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09322 (\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09323 (\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909659378\",\"position\":3,\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909659378\",\"name\":\"\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948? 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\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0932\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\u00a0(\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 10 M, 2024)","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, 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DISHA \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e), \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u0942-\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f<\/strong>, <strong>\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 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\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <strong>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902<\/strong> \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f <strong>\u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923<\/strong> \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909525312","position":2,"url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909525312","name":"\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u0932 1 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (\u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f \u0964\u00a0(\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 5 M, 2023)","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong><br\/>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0927\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 2 \u0938\u093f\u0924\u0902\u092c\u0930 2023 \u0915\u094b PSLV C57 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0939\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<br\/>L1 \u0932\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e) \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<br\/>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0964<br\/>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 (CME) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (\u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<br\/>24\u00d77 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong> \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09321 \u092e\u0947\u0902 7 \u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (5 ISRO \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 SUIT, PAPA, HEL1OS \u0914\u0930 2 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924)\u0964<br\/>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 UV \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<br\/>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 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\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong> \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<br\/>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c: <\/strong>\u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09322 (\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f-\u090f\u09323 (\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909659378","position":3,"url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/space-technology-satellites-and-their-orbits\/#faq-question-1752909659378","name":"\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948? (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 2 M, 2021)","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (PSLV)<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928 (GSLV)<\/strong><br\/>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928\u00a0<br\/>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u093e\u0928<br\/>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923\u00a0<br\/>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (GTO) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092a\u0923<br\/>4 \u091a\u0930\u0923 : 1st \u0914\u0930 3rd \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d 2nd \u0914\u0930 4th \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u0932<br\/>3 \u091a\u0930\u0923 : \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e - \u0920\u094b\u0938, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u093e - \u0924\u0930\u0932 (\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928), \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u093e - CUS (\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c)\u00a0<br\/>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e : \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-1750 \u0915\u093f.\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e, Sub GTO - 1425 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<br\/>\u092a\u0947\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e : \u091c\u0940\u091f\u0940\u0913 - 4000 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, LEO - 8000-10000 \u0915\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e<br\/>\u0907\u0938\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0939\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938<br\/>\u092b\u0948\u091f \u092c\u0949\u092f","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141372","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=141372"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141372\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":163598,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141372\/revisions\/163598"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=141372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}