{"id":140534,"date":"2025-06-08T12:49:10","date_gmt":"2025-06-08T07:19:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=140534"},"modified":"2025-06-20T10:59:20","modified_gmt":"2025-06-20T05:29:20","slug":"frequency-spectrum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/frequency-spectrum\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140534_04dd5d-f8 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-3b5dd696e5bbc5216842e834b14251d0\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\">\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f (e.m.) \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941, \u092f\u093e \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 (Electric) \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f (Magnetic) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 (Space) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0935\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u092f-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930: <em>E=E0\u200bsin(kz\u2212\u03c9t)<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 : <em>H=H0\u200bsin(kz\u2212\u03c9t)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"326\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image82-1024x326.png\" alt=\"Frequency Spectrum\" class=\"wp-image-139668\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image82-1024x326.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image82-600x191.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image82-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image82-768x244.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image82.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (EM \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f :<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (E) \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (B) \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0935\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 :<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 (Vacuum) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 : <\/strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f (c):<\/strong> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 3\u00d710\u2078 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\/\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 :&nbsp; c = \u03bb \u00d7 f (\u0917\u0924\u093f = \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u00d7 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 : <\/strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f = \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f = \u0915\u092e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0917 :<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0917 \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u0932)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 : <\/strong>&nbsp;\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924, \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong>&nbsp; \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0923 :<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0915\u093e\u091a\u094c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0927\u0942\u092a \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0936\u094d\u092e\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f : \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f : \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u0923)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 (Transmitter):<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 (Propagation) <\/strong>: \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 (Vacuum) \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Medium) \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 (Receiver) <\/strong>: \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (Frequency Spectrum)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (E.M. Spectrum) \u0935\u0939 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (Frequency) \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f (Wavelength) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c (Hertz, Hz) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1 Hz = 1 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Electromagnetic Radiation) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 (\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 : \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 : \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 : \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915, \u091f\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 : \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (\u0930\u0902\u0917)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 : \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 : \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0913\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 : \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0924\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f, \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0927\u0928\u0941\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u0941\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u2192 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2192 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e (\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u2192 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/td><td>3 Hz \u2013 300 GHz<\/td><td>&gt;1\u2009mm<\/td><td>AM\/FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>300 MHz \u2013 300 GHz<\/td><td>1\u2009mm\u22121\u2009m<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0913\u0935\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 (IR)<\/strong><\/td><td>300 GHz \u2013 400 THz<\/td><td>750\u2009nm\u22121\u2009mm<\/td><td>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932, \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936<\/strong><\/td><td>400 THz \u2013 750 THz<\/td><td>400\u2009nm\u2212750\u2009nm<\/td><td>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f ( \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 (UV)<\/strong><\/td><td>750 THz \u2013 30 PHz<\/td><td>10\u2009nm\u2212400\u2009nm<\/td><td>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928 (Sterilization), \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 (UV \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940, \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923), \u092b\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947<\/strong><\/td><td>30 PHz \u2013 30 EHz<\/td><td>0.01\u2009nm\u221210\u2009nm<\/td><td>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>&gt;30\u2009EHz&gt;30EHz<\/td><td>&lt;0.01\u2009nm<\/td><td>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Radio Waves (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f: <\/strong>300 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>1 mm \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (1 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915) \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f (&lt;30 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902: <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f (c = 3 \u00d7 10\u2078 m\/s)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>:&nbsp; \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 (Charged Particles) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f (Generation and Reception):<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924:<\/strong> \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924:<\/strong> \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940, \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921, \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915\u092c\u0949\u0921\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902?<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932, \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e) <\/strong>: \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 30 MHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u090f\u092b\u090f\u092e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u093f\u091c (Visual Horizon): \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 64 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 (40 \u092e\u0940\u0932) \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 (Indirect Propagation): \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0911\u092b \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u094d\u0938 (Ground Waves): <\/strong>2 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c) \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u093f\u091c \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0917\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VLF \u0914\u0930 ELF (Very Low Frequency &amp; Extremely Low Frequency) \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u092a\u0928\u0921\u0941\u092c\u094d\u092c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 <\/strong>: \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>:&nbsp; \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 :<\/strong> \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928: <\/strong>\u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938, \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong> \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u090f\u090f\u092e\/\u090f\u092b\u090f\u092e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 :<\/strong> \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928, \u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 (Diathermy): <\/strong>\u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Deep Tissue) \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 (Hyperthermia Therapy): <\/strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0906\u092f\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Tissues) \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 (RF) \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926 (Cataracts) \u092f\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f (Thermal Damage) \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u091c (Faraday Cage):<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (Conductive Enclosures) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc4f\">\n<p><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong>: 500 kHz \u0938\u0947 1000 MHz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong>: 530 kHz \u0938\u0947 1710 kHz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong>: Up \u0938\u0947 54 MHz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong>: 88 MHz \u0938\u0947 108 MHz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TV \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: 54 MHz \u0938\u0947 890 MHz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u092b\u094b\u0928<\/strong>:&nbsp; \u092f\u0942\u090f\u091a\u090f\u092b (UHF) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image83.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e\" class=\"wp-image-139673\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image83.png 850w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image83-600x131.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image83-300x65.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image83-768x167.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (ELF)<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 3 kHz<\/td><td>&gt; 100 km<\/td><td>\u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (VLF)<\/strong><\/td><td>3-30 kHz<\/td><td>100 &#8211; 10 km<\/td><td>\u0938\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0930<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (LF)<\/strong><\/td><td>30-300 kHz<\/td><td>10 &#8211; 1 km<\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (MF)<\/strong><\/td><td>300 kHz &#8211; 3 MHz<\/td><td>1 km &#8211; 100 m<\/td><td>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f(HF)<\/strong><\/td><td>3-30 MHz<\/td><td>100 &#8211; 1 m<\/td><td>\u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (VHF)<\/strong><\/td><td>30-300 MHz<\/td><td>10-1 m<\/td><td>\u090f\u092b\u090f\u092e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f&nbsp; (UHF)<\/strong><\/td><td>300 MHz &#8211; 3 GHz<\/td><td>1 m &#8211; 10 cm<\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093fy (SHF)<\/strong><\/td><td>3-30 GHz<\/td><td>10-1 cm<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939, \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 (Microwave)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e <\/strong>: 1 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 1 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f 300 MHz \u0938\u0947 300 GHz \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e : <\/strong>&nbsp;1 GHz \u0938\u0947 100 GHz (\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f 30 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 3 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902: UHF (\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940), SHF (\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940), EHF (\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0908 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>S, C, X, Ku, K, \u0914\u0930 Ka \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928, \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 (Propagation)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f <\/strong>: \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u093f\u091c (\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 40 \u092e\u0940\u0932 \u092f\u093e 64 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>100 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 (Atmosphere) \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 (Opaque) \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>: \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915)\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ku-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong> <strong>(12\u201314 GHz):<\/strong> \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>X-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921, Ka-\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/strong> : \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925: 2.4 GHz ISM \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930<\/strong> (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923, \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (GNSS)<\/strong>, iGPS, GLONASS, \u0914\u0930 Beidou 1.2 GHz \u0938\u0947 1.6 GHz \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u0917 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 (\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092e\u092c\u0940\u0906\u0930) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940, \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0938\u094b\u0908 <\/strong>&nbsp;(\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0913\u0935\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong> (\u0938\u0941\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"background-color:#8dd2fc61\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0913\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong>: \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 3 GHz (\u0917\u093f\u0917\u093e\u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u0932 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0926 (Resonate) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u091c \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092d <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930 <\/strong>: \u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091f\u0940 (Porcelain) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a (Glass) \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935-\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930<\/strong>: \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 (Metal) \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092b\u0949\u092f\u0932 (Aluminum Foil) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0906\u092f\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935: \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0913\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e <\/strong>: \u0906\u0901\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u094b\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u090a\u0924\u0915 <\/strong>: \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930\u092a\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 (IR)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0918\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e :<\/strong> 750 nm (400 THz) \u0938\u0947 1 mm (300 GHz)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 :\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930-IR (Near-IR): 120\u2013400 THz (750\u20132,500 nm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093f\u0921-IR (Mid-IR): 30\u2013120 THz (2.5\u201310 \u03bcm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u093e\u0930-IR (Far-IR): 300 GHz\u201330 THz (10\u20131 mm)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902&#8221; (Heat Waves) \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u091c\u0932 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a (H\u2082O), \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (CO\u2082) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e (NH\u2083) \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f (Thermal Motion) \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e : <\/strong>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 (Re-radiate) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0901\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e (Night Vision):<\/strong> \u0915\u092e \u0930\u094b\u0936\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f IR \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u092e\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 (Thermal Imaging):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915:<\/strong> \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e:<\/strong> \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Hyperspectral Imaging):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<strong> :<\/strong> \u092d\u0942\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928, \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Heating):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e (curing), \u0910\u0928\u0940\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u094c\u0928\u093e (Infrared saunas) \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e (Aircraft De-icing)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 (Cooling):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling &#8211; PDRC)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Communication):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932: \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0930 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u090f\u0932\u0908\u0921\u0940 (LED) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928: \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 (IrDA) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Short-range communication)\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930: \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 (~1,330\u20131,550 nm) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0940 (Spectroscopy):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Biological Systems):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0901\u092a, \u0935\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u091a\u092e\u0917\u093e\u0926\u0921\u093c, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0940\u091f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f IR \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u091b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-IR \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0936\u0928 : \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f-IR \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0918\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0924\u0930\u0947\u0902:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0901\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091a\u0936\u094d\u092e\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Astronomy)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 (Protostars), \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u0917 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 (Meteorology)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u093e\u0926\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908\/\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0932-\u0928\u0940\u0928\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0930\u093f\u092b\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 :\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (Underdrawings) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0941\u0932\u093f\u092a\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u0941\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092b\u093e\u0908:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0927\u0942\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u0930\u094b\u0902\u091a \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (Visible Light)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e (Electromagnetic Spectrum) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0902\u0916 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f (Wavelength):<\/strong> 380 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (nm) \u0938\u0947 760 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (nm) \u0924\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0902\u0917 (Colors):<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u2192 \u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e \u2192 \u0939\u0930\u093e \u2192 \u092a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u2192 \u0928\u093e\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u2192 \u0932\u093e\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Frequency):<\/strong> 400\u2013790 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c (THz)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 (Infrared) \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 (\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f) \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0932 (\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f) \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0927\u0928\u0941\u0937 (Rainbows)<\/strong>: \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0907\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0927\u0928\u0941\u0937 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 (Infrared) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 (Violet) \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (White Light)<\/strong>: \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong> (Prism Effect): \u091c\u092c \u0938\u092b\u0947\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f <\/strong>: \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u0906\u0901\u0916 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u2192 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 :<\/strong> \u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0921\u093c\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c, \u090f\u0932\u0908\u0921\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f<\/strong>: \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u0926\u0928\u094b\u0902 (Light Pulses) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u091c\u093c\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u093e\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915, \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u094b\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 3D \u0939\u094b\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e (\u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0940):&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940, \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0940 <\/strong>: \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>: \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0917\u0902\u0917\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0940 (Microscopy): <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 (\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f) \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 :&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0915\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930 (Visible Laser Pointers): \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u0930\u0947 (Surveillance Cameras): \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 (Displays): \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0914\u0930 VR \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0935 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0936\u094b (Laser Shows): \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0928 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0947\u091f (UV) \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924-\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f (EM) \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f&nbsp; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e <\/strong>: 10\u2013400 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong>: \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 <\/strong>: UV \u092b\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e 3.1 \u0938\u0947 12 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092f\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Ionization) \u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>UV \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UVA (315\u2013400 nm)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UVB (280\u2013315 nm)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0928\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928 (Sunburn) \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f (DNA Damage) \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UVC (100\u2013280 nm)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e, \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 (Sterilization) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u094b\u091c<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1801 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0939\u0947\u092e \u0930\u093f\u091f\u0930 (Johann Wilhelm Ritter) \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902&#8221; (Chemical Rays) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 :<\/strong><strong>\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f <\/strong>\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u0932 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10% \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UVC \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UVB \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UVA \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (~95%)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e (Artificial) :<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a (Mercury-vapor) \u0932\u0948\u0902\u092a, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f (Black Light), \u091f\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u092a (Tanning Lamps), \u091a\u0947\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0935 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Cherenkov Radiation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 D \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 <\/strong>: UVB \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0928 D \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0921\u094d\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0942\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940 <\/strong>: \u0938\u094b\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0938\u093f\u0938, \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0917\u094b \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e : LASIK \u0906\u0902\u0916 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f UV \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0932 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u092a <\/strong>: UVC \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0939\u0935\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0948\u0928\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932 <\/strong>: SARS-CoV-2 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0921 UV \u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092b\u0949\u0930-UVC (222 nm) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 (\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0932\u093e\u0930) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f UV-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UV \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f (Animal Vision)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940, \u092e\u0927\u0941\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0916\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0940\u0938\u0943\u092a \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930-UV (Near-UV) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093f\u0925\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Semiconductor) \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UV \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0940 :<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928, \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e :<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Air Purification)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UV \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u094c\u0917\u093f\u0915 (VOCs) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0942\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UV \u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0902\u0924 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UV \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 <\/strong>: \u0927\u0941\u0902\u0927\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0921\u093e\u0908 <\/strong>: \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c\u094b\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0932\u093e&nbsp; <\/strong>: \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 UV \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e <\/strong>: UV \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 &#8220;\u0938\u094b\u0932\u0930-\u092c\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u0921&#8221; \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 :<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0928\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong>&nbsp; UVB \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0941\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e : <\/strong>&nbsp;UVA \u0915\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0906 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0902\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UVC \u0914\u0930 UVB \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093e\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u093f\u0938 (Photokeratitis &#8211; Snow Blindness) \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926 (Cataracts) \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u092e\u0928: <\/strong>UVA \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917 :<\/strong> UV \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u0930\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0949\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u093f\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 UV \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 (UV Blocking) \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>UV \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (UV Blocking Mechanisms)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 : <\/strong>UVC \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u0903 \u0914\u0930 UVB \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0938 (CFCs) \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 UV \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (Protective Materials):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0928\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 (Sunscreens &#8211; \u091c\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921, \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>300 nm \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0940 UV \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UPF \u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947 UV \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u091c\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 (X-rays)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b UV \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (10 \u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 10 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0939\u0947\u092e \u0915\u0949\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0921 \u0930\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0917\u0928 \u0928\u0947 1895 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Ionizing Radiation): \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 (Tissues) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u0928\u0947 (Burns) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Medical Uses of X-rays)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0921\u094d\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 <\/strong>: \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092b\u0947\u092b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0902\u0924 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 <\/strong>: \u0915\u0948\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 (Cavities) \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u0901\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 X-ray <\/strong>: \u0906\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 \/CT \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938-\u0938\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0932 3D \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\u092a\u0940 (Fluoroscopy) <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u0943\u0926\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0925\u0940\u091f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Cardiac Catheterization) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0932\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 (Barium Swallow) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0925\u0947\u0930\u0947\u092a\u0940<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 (High-Dose X-rays) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>X-\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>X-\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>X-\u0930\u0947 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u092a\u093f\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u091c\u094b X-\u0930\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0947, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0932)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 (Industrial Radiography):<\/strong> \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0935\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CT \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 (CT in Industry):<\/strong> \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 3D \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u092f\u0930\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0948\u0917\u0947\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 X-\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091a\u094c\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 :&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>X-\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u091b\u0941\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0928 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938, \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u0915\u0932\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c (Non-invasive and Quick):<\/strong> X-\u0930\u0947 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928 (High Resolution):<\/strong> \u0939\u0921\u094d\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 :<\/strong> X-\u0930\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a:<\/strong> \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 X-\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 CT \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>X-\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;CT \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>X-\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921) \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0926\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 X-\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u0938\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Lead Shielding) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 (Gamma Rays)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>: \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0918\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938-\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0926\u0948\u0930\u094d\u0927\u094d\u092f <\/strong>: 10 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (pm) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f <\/strong>: 30 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c (3\u00d710\u00b9\u2079 Hz) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e<\/strong>: 100 keV to 8 MeV<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (Penetration): \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0940\u0938\u093e (Lead) \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f (Concrete) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 (High Density) \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1900: \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0949\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (Paul Villard) \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1903: \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0926\u0930\u092b\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 (Ernest Rutherford) \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b &#8220;\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902&#8221; \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093e (\u03b1) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u091f\u093e (\u03b2) \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 DNA \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928, \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (Penetration)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 (Photoelectric Effect)<\/strong>: \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092b\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 (Compton Scattering)<\/strong>: \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092b\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092f\u0941\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 (Pair Production)<\/strong>: 1.02 MeV \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930, \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092b\u094b\u091f\u0949\u0928 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928-\u092a\u0949\u091c\u093c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f <\/strong>: \u092a\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e-40, \u0915\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f-60 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e-\u0930\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0936 : <\/strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0930\u091c (Thunderstorms) \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 <\/strong>:&nbsp; \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093e, \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&nbsp;\u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong> : \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0928 (Fission) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0908-\u090f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong> : \u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0939\u0948\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0930 (LHC) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0923 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928-\u092a\u0949\u091c\u093c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936<\/strong>: \u091c\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0949\u091c\u093c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e-\u0928\u093e\u0907\u092b \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u092a\u094b\u091c\u0940\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u0940 (PET) \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0915 <strong>\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u092e-99m<\/strong> \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0948\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0936\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0916\u0928\u0928, \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902)\u0964 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0916\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0928\u094b\u0935\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f (Supernova Explosions) \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e-\u0930\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f (Gamma-Ray Bursts) \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0936\u093f\u092a\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Low-Dose Exposure):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Genetic Mutations) \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u094b\u0916\u093f\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0916\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 (High-Dose Exposure):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091d\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Shielding and Protection)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u0938\u093e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0940\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e:<\/strong> \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u090f\u092e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b (AM Radio):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (300 kHz \u2013 3 MHz)\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092b\u090f\u092e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (Very High Frequency &#8211; VHF): 30 MHz \u2013 300 MHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u0915\u092e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VHF \u0914\u0930 UHF \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 (30 MHz \u2013 3 GHz)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UHF \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 (300 MHz \u2013 3 GHz): 2G, 3G, 4G \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SHF \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 (3 GHz \u2013 30 GHz): 5G \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930&nbsp; :&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SHF (Super High Frequency): 3 GHz \u2013 30 GHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>EHF (Extremely High Frequency): 30 GHz \u2013 300 GHz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VLF (Very Low Frequency) \u0914\u0930 LF (Low Frequency): \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UHF: GPS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>HF (High Frequency &#8211; 3 MHz \u2013 30 MHz): \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SHF: \u0930\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 (Spectrum Allocation and Management)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Interference) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 (ITU):<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924:<\/strong> <strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u094b\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 (WPC):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>4G\/5G \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0928\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923: \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":70889,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e - Connect Civils<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928\u0964\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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