{"id":140455,"date":"2025-06-08T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2025-06-08T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=140455"},"modified":"2025-07-19T17:15:52","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T11:45:52","slug":"analogue-and-digital-telecommunication","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/","title":{"rendered":"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 (0 \u0914\u0930 1) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140455_b089aa-be .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/td><td>\u0905\u0902\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2018<\/td><td>(a)\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 &#8220;\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917&#8221; \u0914\u0930 &#8220;\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917&#8221; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964(b)\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;(i) \u092d\u0942 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917, (ii) \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917, (iii) \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<br>(c)\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f :&nbsp;(i) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 (AM) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923&nbsp;(ii) \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 (iii) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><td>10M<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2018<\/td><td>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>2M<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016 Special exam<\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902? \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940\u091c\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><td>10M<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-3027dbba6cafd41906a6238524c63512\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0940<\/strong>: \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u092d\u093e\u0932<\/strong>: \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0938\u093f\u0928, \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0930\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f<\/strong>: \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image59-2-1024x361.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139626\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image59-2-1024x361.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image59-2-600x211.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image59-2-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image59-2-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image59-2.png 1232w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong> <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IoT \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (Transmitter)<\/strong>: <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Medium) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930 (Transducer):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936, \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901) \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0928 (\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928):<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0911\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 (Oscillator):<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 (Amplification):<\/strong> \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (Signal Strength) \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930 (Amplifier) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 (Attenuation) \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092f\u093e \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Communication Channel):<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: LAN \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) : <\/strong>\u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 (Signal Attenuation): <\/strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f:<\/strong><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 : <\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915) \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Broadcast communication): <\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Multicast Communication): <\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0940\u092f\u0932-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e (Real-Time) \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0935\u0932\u0940 <\/strong>:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) : <\/strong>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u091c\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 (\u0928\u093f\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0930) \u092f\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 (\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924) \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 (Repeater) : <\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 (Amplify) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Retransmit) \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e (Communication Range) \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 (Receiver) \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (Transmitter) \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 (Range) : <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f (Sufficient Strength) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 (Bandwidth) : <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 (Frequency Range) \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 (Bandwidth)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u0939 <strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938<\/strong> (Range of Frequencies) \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Transmission Medium) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u2192 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 <strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e : <\/strong>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u0938 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0918\u0947\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 : <\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c (Hertz &#8211; Hz) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 : <\/strong>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 1 MHz \u0938\u0947 10 MHz \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 9 MHz \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c<\/strong>: \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 4 kHz \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong>: \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10 kHz \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b<\/strong>: \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 15 kHz \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 AM \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 (Noise Immunity) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong> : \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 4.2 MHz \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 6 MHz \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>: \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u0938 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Units<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 ( bps) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 32 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938, 64 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938, \u092f\u093e 128 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (Coaxial Cable):<\/strong> \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925: 750 MHz, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 18 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e-\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 (Radio Waves):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0948\u0902\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 kHz \u0938\u0947 GHz \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 AM\/FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (Fiber Optic Cable):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 1 THz \u0938\u0947 1000 THz \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921&nbsp; <\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AM \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> 540-1600 kHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FM \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> 88-108 MHz<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940:<\/strong> VHF (54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz) &amp; UHF (174-216 MHz, 420-890 MHz)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930:<\/strong> 896-901 MHz (\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928), 840-935 MHz (\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f:<\/strong> 5.925-6.425 GHz (Uplink), 3.7-4.2 GHz (Downlink)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918 (ITU): <\/strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0902\u091f\u0928 (Global Frequency Allocations) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u094b\u0930 :&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 (Unwanted Disturbance) \u092f\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Interference) \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2013 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 (Reception), \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Processing)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0936\u094b\u0930 (Thermal Noise)<\/strong>: \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u0926\u0943\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u094b\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (Interference)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0938\u091f\u0949\u0915 (Crosstalk):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0947\u0917 \u0936\u094b\u0930 (Impulse Noise)<\/strong>: \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0930, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0921\u093c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935:<\/strong> \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932-\u091f\u0942-\u0928\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (SNR)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Desired Signal) \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (Noise Level) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 SNR \u2192 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 :<\/strong> \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0949\u0907\u091c\u093c-\u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0930\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938 (Signal Attenuation):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e : <\/strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 (Reduction in Signal Strength) \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 :&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c (\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924) \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u094b\u0928 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u0935\u093e (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u0949\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0947\u0932 \u091f\u0949\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u094b\u0928 (\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930) \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u093e (\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 (Analogue Signal vs Digital Signal)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 (Aspect)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 (Analogue Signal)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 (Digital Signal)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e (Definition)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e (amplitude), \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (frequency) \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a (0 \u0914\u0930 1) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Nature)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924\/\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f (Representation)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 (Sine Wave) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXdgW4gsHn3LEYT5ul2NTKKsTdU_ITiEBuTTQuz9Sv-fLQT-eHm9_B0re3rYpymEGsynmQlBI2mSrmYNzlsFZ_6YkHBPliprxe9APdtU1We5EkuA3eZCik4HUJRqFZUg8dnbFhjliQ?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"333\" height=\"105\"><\/td><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 (Square Wave) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXeAXRqWOG4LxFUL-FzEgJoTbR182YU-s5FbFRWpRbhwMwLAOJa4IhZzQd4HzxfgTRMk2kefJZFXhNTxpAJOo3aYdRIS5svO_rO0sDSsvLDDNbPvWO5UxF8ENp-R3PnZRollkpN0lQ?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"282\" height=\"73\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928 (Data Values)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 0 \u0914\u0930 1)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (Examples)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 (Transmission)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 (Distortion) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924\/\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Processing)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928; \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 (amplification) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928; \u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0930\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e (Noise Sensitivity)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Storage)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, SSD \u092f\u093e CD \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0916\u092a\u0924&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 (Flexibility)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e; \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 (Applications)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0918\u0921\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 DVD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b35797e0cc031e270fe537b14bcbe136\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Transmission Media)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Guided Media) \u2013 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 (Wired)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Unguided Media) \u2013 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Guided Media &#8211; Wired)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0935\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0925 (Specific Route) \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Conductors) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 (Parallel Conductors):<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Parallel Conductors), \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 (Air) \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 (Dielectric Medium) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917: \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Radiation) \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (Twisted Pair Cables)<\/strong>:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (EMI) \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938 (LANs) \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947:<\/strong> \u0915\u092e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902:<\/strong> \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image100-1024x441.png\" alt=\"Analogue and digital telecommunication\" class=\"wp-image-139632\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image100-1024x441.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image100-600x259.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image100-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image100-768x331.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image100.png 1452w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923)<\/strong>:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u0924, \u090f\u0915 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0922\u093e\u0932 (\u0936\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921), \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 (Cable TV), \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2264 3 GHz \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947<\/strong>: \u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e 40 GHz \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image75-1.png\" alt=\"Analogue and digital telecommunication\" class=\"wp-image-139635\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image75-1.png 900w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image75-1-600x360.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image75-1-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image75-1-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0947\u0935\u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938 (Waveguides):<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>40 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>300 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930, \u0935\u0947\u0935\u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 (~4 \u092e\u093f\u092e\u0940) \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/strong> 300 GHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 <\/strong>:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 (1960): <\/strong>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0932\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e: <\/strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936) \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935) \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917: <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e: <\/strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932) \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0907\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947<\/strong>: \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932, \u0928\u093e\u091c\u0941\u0915 (Fragile)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image25-5.png\" alt=\"Analogue and digital telecommunication\" class=\"wp-image-139638\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image25-5.png 750w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image25-5-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image25-5-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a-\u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0930<\/strong>: \u092c\u0947\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 n1\u200bn1 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 n2n2\u200b (\u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1% \u0915\u092e) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0915\u094b\u0930 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 n1\u200b)&nbsp; \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 n1\u200b) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0923 (Critical Angle) \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 (Reflected) \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u0917\u0932<\/strong>:&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"68\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image8-4.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image8-4.png 304w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image8-4-300x67.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928&nbsp; : <\/strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b\u0930-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0948\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0930-\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image80.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139643\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image80.png 874w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image80-600x330.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image80-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image80-768x422.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947 :&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 : <\/strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 (Low Attenuation) : <\/strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e : <\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f : <\/strong>\u0915\u092e \u0935\u091c\u093c\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>: AM\/FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925, \u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>: \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u091f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947 <\/strong>: \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u0926\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>: \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Line-of-Sight) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936, \u0915\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 (IR)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915, \u0915\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925<\/strong>: \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925: <\/strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 &gt; \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 &gt; \u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 (Attenuation) <\/strong>: <strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u090f\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0941\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u091f\u0947\u0928\u0941\u090f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 <\/strong>: \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0940\u0932\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, <strong>STP \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/strong>) \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/strong> \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a (EMI) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/strong>: \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <\/strong>: <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938<\/strong> (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 <strong>\u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong>) \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 (\u0938\u0947\u0932\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 (\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928&nbsp;(Signal Propagation and Modulation)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u0923\u0928 (Attenuation), \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Reflection), \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (Diffraction) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935 (Ground Wave)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935 (Sky Wave)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935 (Space Wave)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>300 kHz \u2013 3 MHz (\u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940)\u0964<\/td><td>3 MHz \u2013 30 MHz<\/td><td>30 MHz \u2013 300 MHz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>(Mode of Propagation)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0927) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td>* \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0942\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 (\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915) \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>* \u0930\u0947\u0917\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0964&nbsp;<br>* \u0915\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964&nbsp;<\/td><td>* \u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 (\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964)<br>* \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>* \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 6.8 \u2013 10 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>* \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 (\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b)\u0964<\/td><td>* \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>* \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 (&gt;30 MHz) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964- \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br>* \u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c, \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0918\u0941 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (300 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0924\u0915)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902\/\u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092e\u0940)\u0964<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Diagram&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcBjE03EcRsG9D4tjqhOOTxoaWpYF9umMdLeMmyN7MCDkDWQLgeMA2MUq0k7060vpHKJKgR0XmgEb4L9yNRbwltijgdzC1yXMKh32Dh83XnEdEBjcfDbkzCxitTlkNr1ELLYPan?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"237\" height=\"90\"><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXeOFQ2EYkSVWPuI0FmEoh1yKNAXrT4N_jXPJYB8SchTIP0-34KeI_0qEJNK9ejTipt8AzvapUraf6uzSJVABaC9o3tTAO2FTcmPYsoTFmm-1-g_GxEkMhdH2QKj7yz9G26lfg3X?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"258\" height=\"217\"><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfsJ7d0NlDlefl88SYWc4f-TWYKAUi3eozbra1b2G9rgXq5fkXZTHUNGpa4PwRtUI4_pUeoZ-TRiRNy3kY38d49LVhc8GlJcBWtMzzc9k6nB0_KcJBfvpHsTjfZKWLaFzTnWIxHlg?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"279\" height=\"129\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"632\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image21-4.png\" alt=\"Analogue and digital telecommunication\" class=\"wp-image-139649\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image21-4.png 632w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image21-4-600x356.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image21-4-300x178.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915<\/strong>: \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915<\/strong>: \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>10 MHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f: \u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0940\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f 30 MHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 (\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 (\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>30 MHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><td>30 MHz \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><td>TV \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (50 \u2013 1000 MHz), \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Satellite Orbits):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092d\u0942\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Geostationary Orbit &#8211; GEO)<\/strong>: \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Polar Circular Orbit)<\/strong>: 90\u00b0 \u0915\u0947 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u091d\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Highly Elliptical Inclined Orbit &#8211; HEO)<\/strong>: 63\u00b0 \u091d\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u090a\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"493\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-6.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139653\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-6.png 685w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-6-600x432.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-6-300x216.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928&nbsp;(Modulation in Telecommunications)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923) \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 : <\/strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902-\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (AM)<\/strong>: AM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917&nbsp; \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0947\u091c (Phase) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2192 AM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b:<\/strong> \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d : <\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>: \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (FM)<\/strong>: FM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>: AM \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928<\/strong>:&nbsp; AM \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (PM)<\/strong>: PM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0938\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>: AM \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 ASK, FSK, \u092f\u093e PSK \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 (Key Techniques):\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying): \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PSK (Phase Shift Keying): \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-212d60be0f936b55555ebf30826a3733\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 :<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Wired Communication) :<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930 (\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928, DSL \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 (\u0939\u093e\u0908-\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u2013 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Wireless Communication):<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wi-Fi, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (4G, 5G), \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (GPS, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0926\u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092f (attenuation)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 :<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Simplex Communication) : <\/strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d: <\/strong>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928: <\/strong>\u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092b\u0940\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u092b-\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Half-Duplex Communication) :<\/strong> \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 <strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0935\u0949\u0915\u0940-\u091f\u0949\u0915\u0940, \u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d: <\/strong>\u0926\u094b-\u0924\u0930\u092b\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928: <\/strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923-\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u093e\u092c\u0932\u0947 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0941\u0932-\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (Full-Duplex Communication):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong> \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d: <\/strong>\u0924\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928: <\/strong>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"688\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image99.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139657\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image99.png 688w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image99-600x453.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image99-300x227.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 688px) 100vw, 688px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>: \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 (Continuous Signals) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e (Amplitude), \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f (Frequency), \u092f\u093e \u092b\u0947\u091c\u093c (Phase) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"433\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6-1024x433.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-140507\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6-1024x433.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6-600x254.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6-300x127.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6-768x325.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6-1536x649.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-6.png 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 <\/strong>: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u093c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 : \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930: \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e <\/strong>: \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 <\/strong>: \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915: :\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/strong>: \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/strong>: \u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\/\u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 :<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (AM)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928&nbsp; (FM)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092b\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (PM)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AM<\/strong>: \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 = 2 \u00d7 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0924\u092e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FM<\/strong>: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 (frequency deviation) \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 <\/strong>: \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0936\u094b\u0930 (noise) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932-\u091f\u0942-\u0928\u0949\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (SNR)<\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a SNR \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925:<\/strong> \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e: <\/strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (Broadcasting):<\/strong> AM\/FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928 (Telephony):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 (Television):<\/strong> \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 (0s \u0914\u0930 1s) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924<\/strong>: \u0935\u0939 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f , \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f ASCII, \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f PCM &#8211; Pulse Code Modulation)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 <\/strong>: \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/strong>: \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Analog-to-Digital Conversion)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0948\u0902\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f (Continuous-Time) \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f (Discrete-Time) \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b 8 kHz \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0948\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928 (Quantization):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0948\u0902\u092a\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092e\u0942\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 (Predefined Levels) \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Encoding):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (PCM) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3-1024x344.png\" alt=\"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-140512\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3-1024x344.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3-600x201.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3-768x258.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3-1536x516.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-3.png 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917 (ASK)<\/strong>:&nbsp; \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> RFID, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f:<\/strong> \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917 (FSK)<\/strong>: \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092e\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0947\u091c \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917 (PSK)<\/strong>: \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f:<\/strong> \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091a\u0930 \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (QAM)<\/strong>: \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong> LTE, DSL, \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f:<\/strong> \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932-\u091f\u0942-\u0928\u0949\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0924 (SNR) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (Noise Immunity):<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u091f\u0949\u0932\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e <\/strong>: \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 (e.g., QAM) \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/strong>: \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093c\u0928, \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0947\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0930 (Data Manipulation) \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e <\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 IoT, \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915&nbsp; <\/strong>: \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, 5G) \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 <\/strong>: \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (Errors) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915&nbsp; <\/strong>: GSM, 3G, 4G \u0914\u0930 5G \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>: \u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u092c\u0940 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0921 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 <\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXf5xJAzTObKzuZ6f7I6-tpAy0syspsvTgoQJ066o0g1FKtAFOKUCm942Iv1BCHdzsX66MGAApxJUnfXZL1BXjxQPsSHeGhgeGg6ElB-1SrfZXo8A45evf5i5ApiSgHEZ3AgkujreA?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"167\" height=\"128\"><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 (Discrete) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 (0 \u0914\u0930 1) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcvvA2mSQKGwHGiLk_9M4hqp4oqd2qqrP_fciz19wJTAXFfqDtVUGNzwTDLd3iOx62N58MEhWhtCI3MSyOpN9oKnASirrXMPJ_slqjrkNjk-yd-H32zCp5pOjW_p8Fu8tXczN_fVw?key=CbdFXLfDEjk9il7dVVOPNovS\" width=\"225\" height=\"122\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0921 (Binary Format) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940, \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c \u092f\u093e \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0964<\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940\u0964<\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u092e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093f\u0921\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\/\u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092d\u0902\u0921\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b ASCII, \u0939\u092b\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928; \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, AES, RSA) \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0915 (Amplifiers) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928: \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (AM), \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (FM), \u092b\u0947\u091c \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928 (PM)\u0964<\/td><td>\u090f\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917 (ASK), \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917 (FSK), \u092b\u0947\u091c \u0936\u093f\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940\u0907\u0902\u0917 (PSK)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0915\u092e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>AM\/FM \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0964<\/td><td>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>FAQ (Previous year questions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:10px;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:14px;padding-right:16px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);background:#f1ad71;border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f1ad71;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:10px;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id140455_d5867b-ce kt-accordion-has-3-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane140455_5eeaf0-c4\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>(\u0905) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u2019 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong><br><strong>(\u092c\u0940) \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 (i) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935, (ii) \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/strong><br><strong>(iii) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/strong><br><strong>(\u0938\u0940) \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><br><strong>(i) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 (\u090f\u090f\u092e) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><br><strong>(ii) \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928<\/strong><br><strong>(iii) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 10 M, 2018)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>3 MHz \u2013 30 MHz<\/td><td>30 MHz \u2013 300 MHz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902\/\u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)<\/td><td>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<\/td><td>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Terrain) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c, \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Line-of-Sight) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u092c)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcB-IwugACer0fPkSnZvNAWw7tBRf0A8O2tXhbEAklRAA4bzGQesgoSL5lgq6NPCo8cJ6jhSCknsccBWSlHCgcr0Ws4zayf2qJLpkxLdqDtV14X551rRPhLXmhowt8zsA86SmrQ?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXegzHHnxJai6QxQa3tmTwKUomFcTcZM-v6_DnAUQJWl3-ar-jiAtCiBE-JRCkwm8DfukMrdvgeD6CDNtLZtYBytFrVpqCw940W5T-UfxXQhgLswJsMwXKELGPyKig7TUuUdLGMTdw?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXeeGmoMfzVMQ74I3rbCFbzZYSUwRx_azUR-_1iPtYdeh59R4LCJt4hikasekXCmgXQaQfmXGzTD6OIGJGRF93VtutoHOFlqYkXG3BJvQNg4QmrYd6g-YzWbJ3b-MNqW-PguIe3JFQ?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>(\u0938)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 (AM) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/td><td>540-1600 kHz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/td><td>VHF (54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz) &amp; UHF (174-216 MHz, 420-890 MHz)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/td><td>5.925-6.425 GHz (\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915), 3.7-4.2 GHz (\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane140455_478f4f-d0\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2018)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a (Analog) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f (Digital) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 (Continuous) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 (Discrete) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 (0s \u0914\u0930 1s) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfY2xz8x0LVsr51Qs1kPHvOqWjkRxR_sb73Gg03HqqaXV9sx3eppjWIv_dhK84sZUqLWSBxbV8qqVjcFfofpeuVjJc_Ukxgn1c3p68ztBuzHC_OPGJ1RXk1mKuOak1UMfU1gc8l?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\" width=\"276\" height=\"99\"><\/td><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (Square Waves) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXczcfDXfcxOxdrVjGmDNtnFiWhzLpN6-E4yCRBM_GAvxMf66z9-wVBkVn80d1wENzFZr-Bl5AAGNifjQ5_dNXLVpi6ksKjb2BUfOA_BZYRrDZcmeeH4HhcBt-bVHmQkyWjrFHEL?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\" width=\"315\" height=\"104\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><td>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-3 kt-pane140455_cdbd7e-25\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ? \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0964<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 10 M, 2016 Special Exam)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Transmitted) \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Distortion) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e (Accuracy) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfS5niz9ClVX5rWiIOBEkhCgn-7R0oTAHCH_XlS5Ep0TdizCSqoY1Uh180CXizm7wHBHlmsC2tYhyDQJ4ml5BP4RpXzREUw3XAC7tizFdg1QjaTbpkEzn7tXPDPpGLo8EEFbMi0vw?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\" alt=\"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915\n\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong> \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915)<\/strong>:\u00a0 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Medium) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>             <strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u2192 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0928 (\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u2192 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u2192 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> : \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: LAN \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752925151600\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u0905) \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u2019 \u0914\u0930 \u2018\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u2019 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/strong><br\/><strong>(\u092c\u0940) \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 (i) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935, (ii) \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/strong><br\/><strong>(iii) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/strong><br\/><strong>(\u0938\u0940) \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><br\/><strong>(i) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 (\u090f\u090f\u092e) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/strong><br\/><strong>(ii) \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928<\/strong><br\/><strong>(iii) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 10 M, 2018)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>3 MHz \u2013 30 MHz<br\/>30 MHz \u2013 300 MHz<br\/><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902\/\u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)<br\/>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924)<br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<br\/>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<br\/><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Terrain) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c, \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Line-of-Sight) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><br\/>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><br\/>(\u092c)\u00a0<br\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"569\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcB-IwugACer0fPkSnZvNAWw7tBRf0A8O2tXhbEAklRAA4bzGQesgoSL5lgq6NPCo8cJ6jhSCknsccBWSlHCgcr0Ws4zayf2qJLpkxLdqDtV14X551rRPhLXmhowt8zsA86SmrQ?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\"\/><br\/><br\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"608\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXegzHHnxJai6QxQa3tmTwKUomFcTcZM-v6_DnAUQJWl3-ar-jiAtCiBE-JRCkwm8DfukMrdvgeD6CDNtLZtYBytFrVpqCw940W5T-UfxXQhgLswJsMwXKELGPyKig7TUuUdLGMTdw?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\"\/><br\/><br\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"207\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXeeGmoMfzVMQ74I3rbCFbzZYSUwRx_azUR-_1iPtYdeh59R4LCJt4hikasekXCmgXQaQfmXGzTD6OIGJGRF93VtutoHOFlqYkXG3BJvQNg4QmrYd6g-YzWbJ3b-MNqW-PguIe3JFQ?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\"\/><br\/><br\/>(\u0938)\u00a0<br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 (AM) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<br\/>540-1600 kHz<br\/>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<br\/>VHF (54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz) &amp; UHF (174-216 MHz, 420-890 MHz)<br\/>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<br\/>5.925-6.425 GHz (\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915), 3.7-4.2 GHz (\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915)<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752925465756\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2018)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a (Analog) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f (Digital) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 (Continuous) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 (Discrete) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 (0s \u0914\u0930 1s) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"276\" height=\"99\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfY2xz8x0LVsr51Qs1kPHvOqWjkRxR_sb73Gg03HqqaXV9sx3eppjWIv_dhK84sZUqLWSBxbV8qqVjcFfofpeuVjJc_Ukxgn1c3p68ztBuzHC_OPGJ1RXk1mKuOak1UMfU1gc8l?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\"\/><br\/>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (Square Waves) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"315\" height=\"104\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXczcfDXfcxOxdrVjGmDNtnFiWhzLpN6-E4yCRBM_GAvxMf66z9-wVBkVn80d1wENzFZr-Bl5AAGNifjQ5_dNXLVpi6ksKjb2BUfOA_BZYRrDZcmeeH4HhcBt-bVHmQkyWjrFHEL?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\"\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752925500584\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ? \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0964<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 10 M, 2016 Special Exam)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Transmitted) \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Distortion) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e (Accuracy) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br\/><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><br\/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"769\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXfS5niz9ClVX5rWiIOBEkhCgn-7R0oTAHCH_XlS5Ep0TdizCSqoY1Uh180CXizm7wHBHlmsC2tYhyDQJ4ml5BP4RpXzREUw3XAC7tizFdg1QjaTbpkEzn7tXPDPpGLo8EEFbMi0vw?key=WtRVk9XctSShiy7PsD4XWA\"\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong> \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u0964<br\/><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915)<\/strong>:\u00a0 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Medium) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :\u00a0<br\/><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u2192 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0928 (\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u2192 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u2192 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> : \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: LAN \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<br\/><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 (0 \u0914\u0930 1) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0915 2018 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":70889,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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\u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 (\u092c\u0940) \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 (i) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935, (ii) \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 (iii) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0964 (\u0938\u0940) \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902: (i) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 (\u090f\u090f\u092e) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (ii) \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 (iii) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 10 M, 2018)\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>3 MHz \u2013 30 MHz<br\/>30 MHz \u2013 300 MHz<br\/><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902\/\u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)<br\/>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924)<br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<br\/>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<br\/><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Terrain) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c, \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Line-of-Sight) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><br\/>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><br\/>(\u092c)\u00a0<br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/>(\u0938)\u00a0<br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 (AM) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<br\/>540-1600 kHz<br\/>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<br\/>VHF (54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz) &amp; UHF (174-216 MHz, 420-890 MHz)<br\/>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<br\/>5.925-6.425 GHz (\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915), 3.7-4.2 GHz (\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915)\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925465756\",\"position\":2,\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925465756\",\"name\":\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 2 M, 2018)\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a (Analog) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f (Digital) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 (Continuous) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 (Discrete) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 (0s \u0914\u0930 1s) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/><br\/>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (Square Waves) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925500584\",\"position\":3,\"url\":\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925500584\",\"name\":\"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ? \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0964 (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 10 M, 2016 Special Exam)\",\"answerCount\":1,\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Transmitted) \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Distortion) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e (Accuracy) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br\/><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 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\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Medium) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :\u00a0<br\/><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u2192 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0928 (\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u2192 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u2192 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> : \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: LAN \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<br\/><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\",\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"},\"inLanguage\":\"hi-IN\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 - Connect Civils","description":"\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 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\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 (\u092c\u0940) \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 (i) \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u0935, (ii) \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 (iii) \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0964 (\u0938\u0940) \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902: (i) \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 (\u090f\u090f\u092e) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 (ii) \u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 (iii) \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 10 M, 2018)","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u0935<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928-\u0911\u092b-\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>3 MHz \u2013 30 MHz<br\/>30 MHz \u2013 300 MHz<br\/><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0935\u0930\u0947\u091c\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902\/\u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930)<br\/>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f-\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924)<br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<br\/>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930)<br\/><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Terrain) \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/>\u092c\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u093e\u0921\u093c, \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e (Line-of-Sight) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong><br\/>\u0906\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><br\/>(\u092c)\u00a0<br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/>(\u0938)\u00a0<br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0938\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0921 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 (AM) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<br\/>540-1600 kHz<br\/>\u091f\u0947\u0932\u0940\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923<br\/>VHF (54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz) &amp; UHF (174-216 MHz, 420-890 MHz)<br\/>\u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<br\/>5.925-6.425 GHz (\u0905\u092a\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915), 3.7-4.2 GHz (\u0921\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915)","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925465756","position":2,"url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925465756","name":"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 2 M, 2018)","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a (Analog) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0940\u092f (Digital) \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0924 (Continuous) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e, \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f, \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 (Discrete) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 (0s \u0914\u0930 1s) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u0935\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/><br\/>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (Square Waves) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924\u0964<br\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/>\u0905\u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u0936\u094b\u0930 (Noise) \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0936\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932; \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u091f\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"},{"@type":"Question","@id":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925500584","position":3,"url":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/analogue-and-digital-telecommunication\/#faq-question-1752925500584","name":"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0915\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 ? \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u092f\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0907\u090f \u0964 (\u0905\u0902\u0915 - 10 M, 2016 Special Exam)","answerCount":1,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (\u0924\u093e\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 (Transmitted) \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f (Distortion) \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e (Accuracy) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br\/><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><br\/><br\/><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<strong> \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: <\/strong>\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0906\u0935\u093e\u091c\u0964<br\/><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915)<\/strong>:\u00a0 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e (Medium) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :\u00a0<br\/><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u2192 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0928 (\u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u2192 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u2192 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u2192 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e<\/strong> : \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 (Signal) \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930:<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: LAN \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 (\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964 \u0930\u093f\u0938\u0940\u0935\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<br\/><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/140455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140455"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/140455\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70889"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}