{"id":140390,"date":"2025-06-06T17:43:00","date_gmt":"2025-06-06T12:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=140390"},"modified":"2025-07-19T16:36:34","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T11:06:34","slug":"basic-computer-science-networking-and-types","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/basic-computer-science-networking-and-types\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-2\/science-tech\/\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a> \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 LAN, WAN \u0914\u0930 PAN \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-toggle-icon-style-basiccircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-toggle-icon-style-arrowcircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:after, .kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-toggle-icon-style-xclosecircle .kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id140390_5aba09-a6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/td><td>\u0905\u0902\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u200b\u200b\u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0915 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td><td>2M<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-3218d8b9ae0121a177490318c60a2a3b\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930, \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f) \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0942 (\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f), \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 <strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930<\/strong> \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0902\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Programmable (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u092c\u0932)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0932\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u2014\u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 <strong>&#8220;\u0917\u093e\u0930\u092c\u0947\u091c \u0907\u0928, \u0917\u093e\u0930\u092c\u0947\u091c \u0906\u0909\u091f&#8221; <\/strong>(GIGO) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (Raw data) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 <strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 0 \u0914\u0930 1 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 <strong>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e <\/strong>\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, C++, Python, Java) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b <strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928 (program compilation) <\/strong>\u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0942 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"409\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image95-1024x409.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139536\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image95-1024x409.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image95-600x239.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image95-300x120.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image95-768x306.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image95.png 1504w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: <strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 <strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong>\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD)<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0949\u0928 &#8211; \u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f<\/strong>: \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (CPU)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e &#8220;\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915&#8221; \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0921\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (RAM)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940, \u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092b\u0948\u0928<\/strong>: \u0913\u0935\u0930\u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u0938<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 <\/strong>\u0909\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u091c\u094b \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <strong>C, C++, Java<\/strong>, \u0914\u0930 <strong>Python<\/strong> \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902 :-<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (CPU)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-140405\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5-600x338.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-5.png 1999w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (Input Unit)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\/\u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>:<br>\u2192 \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u092e\u093e\u0909\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u0930, \u091f\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0964<br>\u2192 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0935\u0949\u092f\u0938 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091a)\u0964<br>\u2192 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0940\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 (\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0939\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f CPU \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c: \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 RAM \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (Output Unit)&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930, \u0939\u0947\u0921\u092b\u094b\u0928\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 (\u0907\u0902\u0915\u091c\u0947\u091f, \u0932\u0947\u091c\u0930, \u0921\u0949\u091f \u092e\u0948\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, 3D)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u0930 (\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0939\u0940\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3D \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938: \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (Memory Unit)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947, \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp; \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0921\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (RAM):&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932:<\/strong> \u091c\u092c \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u094b \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0916\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0924\u0924\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (\u0938\u0947\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (HDD), \u0938\u0949\u0932\u093f\u0921-\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935 (SSD), \u092a\u0947\u0928 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935, \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u0949\u0928-\u0935\u094b\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0907\u0932: \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u0902\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 CPU \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928\/\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f (CPU)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CPU (\u0938\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f) \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e &#8220;<strong>\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915<\/strong>&#8221; \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 CPU \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CPU \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CPU \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930:&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CPU \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0930\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0947 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 (ALU):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f&nbsp; (CU):&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0917\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940, ALU \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f\/\u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 (Evolution of Computers)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. <\/strong><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0905\u092c\u0947\u0915\u0938 (500 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 (1642)<\/strong>: <strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091c\u093c \u092a\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0932<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0948\u0932\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c, \u0918\u091f\u093e\u0935, \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0925\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 (1837)<\/strong>:<strong> \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u092c\u0947\u091c<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 (1890)<\/strong>:<strong> \u0939\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0928 \u0939\u0949\u0932\u0930\u093f\u0925<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 (1937)<\/strong>: \u0910\u0932\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0926\u0940, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0932\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0926\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2.<\/strong><strong> \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (1940-1956): \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930<\/strong> \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0930\u0916\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092c\u093f\u091c\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 (\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u092a\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u092a \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0906\u0909\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (ENIAC &#8211; 1946)<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0935\u0949\u0928 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e; EDVAC (\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940\u091f \u0935\u0948\u0930\u093f\u090f\u092c\u0932 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UNIVAC I (1951): <\/strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u0940\u092e\u093e, \u0905\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. <\/strong><strong>\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (1956\u20131963): \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940:<\/strong> \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0917\u0939 \u0932\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947, \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong> \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0938\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 FORTRAN \u090f\u0935\u092e\u094d COBOL \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> \u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091c \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 (MB) \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u092e \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> IBM 1401 \u0914\u0930 Programma 101 (\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4.<\/strong><strong> \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (1964\u20131971): \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f (IC) \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940:<\/strong> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 (ICs) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e:<\/strong> \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940:<\/strong> RAM \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 (MB) \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u0939\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: IBM System\/360 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. <\/strong><strong>\u091a\u094c\u0925\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 (1971\u2013\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928): \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940: <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, Intel 4004 &#8211; 1971 \u092e\u0947\u0902)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>1970 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915: \u2192 <\/strong>1970 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 (LSI) \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e CPU \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e:<\/strong> \u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0918\u0941\u0917\u0923\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1980 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915: \u2192 <\/strong>\u0935\u0948\u0930\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 (VLSI): \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 3 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902: \u2192 <\/strong>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 (SLSI): \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 10\u2076 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u0932 IC \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>DRAM \u0914\u0930 SSD \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 (GB) \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0947\u0930\u093e\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 (TB) \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 (PCs) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (GUIs) \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: IBM PC (1981) \u0914\u0930 Apple Macintosh (1984)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1980-1990 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0936\u0915<\/strong>: \u2192 \u0915\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0921-\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (CLI), \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 UNIX \u0914\u0930 DOS \u0938\u0947 GUI-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, Microsoft Windows) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c WWW (1991):<\/strong> \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (2000 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915):<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f \u0932\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AI \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> AI-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935-\u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (NLP), \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u092c\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: IBM Watson \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0942\u0917\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0938\u0940 (2019):<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0902\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0947\u0915\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 DNA \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928-\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 (BCIs): <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0927 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u091c \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0940\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0917\u091c \u0915\u093e \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091b\u0947\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092e\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 (Moore\u2019s Law):<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>1965 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0939-\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0917\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093f\u092a \u092a\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0906\u0927\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1-1024x407.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139544\" style=\"width:607px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1-1024x407.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1-600x238.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1-300x119.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1-768x305.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1-1536x610.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image66-1.png 1540w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 ICs \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0918\u0941\u0917\u0923\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e:<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 (.exe) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"178\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image7-6-1024x178.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139549\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image7-6-1024x178.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image7-6-600x104.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image7-6-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image7-6-768x133.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image7-6.png 1164w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 C, C++, Java, \u092f\u093e Python \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong>: \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0932\u0930<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a-\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 (\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0921<\/strong>: CPU \u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930-2 \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948: 0 \u0914\u0930 1\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>0 &#8220;OFF&#8221; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>1 &#8220;ON&#8221; \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Number System<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0915<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>2<\/td><td>0, 1<\/td><td>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>10<\/td><td>0, 1, 2, &#8230;, 9<\/td><td>\u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0911\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0932 (Octal)<\/strong><\/td><td>8<\/td><td>0, 1, 2, &#8230;, 7<\/td><td>\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0921\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932<\/strong><\/td><td>16<\/td><td>0, 1, 2, &#8230;, 9, A-F<\/td><td>\u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0915\u0932\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0921\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" id=\"network\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-luminous-vivid-orange-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-9b4edd32f12ed40f40c5dd67b009ae3d\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#fcb90059;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\/\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u094d\u0938) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938 (\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938):<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 : <\/strong>\u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947-\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 :<\/strong> \u0935\u0947 &#8220;\u0930\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947&#8221; \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921:<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938:<\/strong> \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 (\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 :<\/strong> \u0935\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 &#8220;\u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092c\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902&#8221; (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 TCP\/IP, HTTP)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Personal Area Network &#8211; PAN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Local Area Network &#8211; LAN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Metropolitan Area Network &#8211; MAN)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (Wide Area Network &#8211; WAN)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (PAN)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (LAN)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (MAN)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (WAN)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PAN:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0947 (~10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930) \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td><strong>LAN:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0935\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td><strong>MAN:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0936\u0939\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0908 LANs \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964\u0915\u0908 LANs \u0914\u0930 MANs \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0930\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>10 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 30 \u092b\u0940\u091f)<\/td><td>1 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 0.6 \u092e\u0940\u0932)<\/td><td>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 100 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915<\/td><td>\u0938\u0948\u0915\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u091c\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921: <\/strong>USB \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 (WPAN): <\/strong>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925, Zigbee, NFC, RFID, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0921, UWB (\u0905\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e-\u0935\u093e\u0908\u0921\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921)<\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921: <\/strong>\u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f LANs \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)\u0964<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 (WLAN): <\/strong>\u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 (\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 LAN), WiMAX (\u0915\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f), Z-Wave\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921: <\/strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093c\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0964<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938: <\/strong>\u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915, WiMAX, LTE\u0964<\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921: <\/strong>\u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0932\u0940\u091c\u093c\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938, \u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915, DSL\/\u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u0964<strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938: <\/strong>\u0938\u0948\u091f\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0935\u0947\u0935 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915, \u0938\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 4G\/5G)\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u0924\u093f (Speed):<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>PAN:<\/strong> \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 1 Mbps \u0938\u0947 100 Mbps\u0964<\/td><td><strong>LAN:<\/strong> 100 Mbps \u0938\u0947 10 Gbps\u0964\u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f: ~10 Mbps\u0964\u0917\u0940\u0917\u093e\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f: ~1000 Mbps\u0964<\/td><td>10 Mbps \u0938\u0947 1 Gbps{\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0917\u0924\u093f, LAN \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e}<\/td><td><br>56 Kbps \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 Gbps \u0924\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><strong>(Application)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964\u0915\u092e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u092a\u0924, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/td><td>\u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940\u0964\u0936\u0939\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 Wi-Fi \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0964<\/td><td>\u0936\u0939\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 Wi-Fi \u0939\u0949\u091f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f&nbsp;<br><br><\/td><td>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f,&nbsp;\u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u091f\u0942\u0925 \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0938\u0947\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928-\u0938\u0947-\u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/td><td>\u0939\u094b\u092e Wi-Fi, \u0911\u092b\u093f\u0938 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/td><td>\u0936\u0939\u0930-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u0948\u0902\u092a\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f WANs \u091c\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id140390_b1e8c0-6a alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-4-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column140390_ac7384-85 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column140390_ac7384-85\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"704\" height=\"592\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139555\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4.png 704w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4-600x505.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image41-4-300x252.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Fig: PAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column140390_96c0f5-b6 kb-section-dir-horizontal\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"664\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139561\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86.png 664w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86-600x618.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image86-291x300.png 291w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fig: MAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column140390_8ea81e-8b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"854\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139557\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5.png 854w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5-600x461.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image20-5-768x590.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 854px) 100vw, 854px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Fig: LAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column140390_39b8c4-3a\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"818\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139559\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1.png 818w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1-600x474.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1-300x237.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image69-1-768x607.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 818px) 100vw, 818px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Fig: WAN<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>VPN (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (VPN) \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0947\u091f<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947, \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/strong> \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0915\u0908 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u2014 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 VPN \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 &#8211; \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong>: \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u091f\u0928\u0932 <\/strong>: \u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u090f\u0928 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 &#8220;\u091f\u0928\u0932 (Tunnel)&#8221; \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IP \u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>VPN \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 ?<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 Wi-Fi \u092a\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0928\u0947\u091f\u092b\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0930\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u092f\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e <\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0928\u093e <\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 IP \u0915\u094b \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 <\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092e\u094b\u091f\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>VPN \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921 <\/strong>: \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0921 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f VPN \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e <\/strong>: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1-1024x272.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139574\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1-1024x272.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1-600x159.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1-768x204.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1-1536x408.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image47-1.png 1708w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0941\u0932 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e <\/strong>: MOdulator DEModulator<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 <\/strong>: \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092a\u0930 <\/strong>: \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u092e \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u092e\u094b\u0921\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (NIC &#8211; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0921\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092e\u0926\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f<\/strong>: \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939 10 Mbps \u0938\u0947 1 Gbps \u0924\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MAC \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 NIC \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0924\u093e (MAC) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u092f\u0939 NIC \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7-1024x596.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139579\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7-1024x596.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7-600x349.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7-768x447.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7-1536x894.png 1536w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image9-7.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. RJ45<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 8-\u092a\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1006\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image19-2.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139582\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image19-2.png 1006w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image19-2-600x347.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image19-2-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image19-2-768x444.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 (Repeater)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0949\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/strong>: \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 (\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 100 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915) \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u0939\u092c (Hub)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 LAN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948; \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0939\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0926\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u092c \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"698\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image48-1.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139585\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image48-1.png 698w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image48-1-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image48-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a (Switch)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0939\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a LAN \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 MAC \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u092d:<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 (Collision) \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0936\u094b\u0930\/\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u091f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 (Router)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong>: \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (LAN) \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> : \u092f\u0939 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0942\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 (Best Path) \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0918\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: IP \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930-\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0915\u0908 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0939\u094b\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f) \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/strong>: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0908-\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0908\u0925\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image98-1024x388.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139588\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image98-1024x388.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image98-600x227.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image98-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image98-768x291.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image98.png 1316w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>8.&nbsp; \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947 (Gateway)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong>: \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947 \u0935\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 (Entry \u0914\u0930 Exit Point) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0930, \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f<\/strong> : \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u0923 (Translation and Forwarding) \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092a\u094b\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (Protocol Conversion)<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f (Access Point)<\/strong>: &#8220;\u0917\u0947\u091f&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u0917\u094b\u0907\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928 (Firewall Integration)<\/strong>: \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (Network Topologies)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u0928\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938) \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923, \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. \u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0902\u091f (P2P) \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0926\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092b\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image88.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139591\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image88.png 638w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image88-600x386.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image88-300x193.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. \u092c\u0938 (Bus) \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e :<\/strong> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 (\u092c\u0948\u0915\u092c\u094b\u0928) \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 (\u092c\u0938) \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093e\u092b-\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0921\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0936\u0928 MAC \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924-\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (Examples) <\/strong>: \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0911\u092b\u093f\u0938 LAN \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"944\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-2.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-139594\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-2.png 944w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-2-600x318.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-2-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image54-2-768x407.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 944px) 100vw, 944px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Ring) \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e (Structure)<\/strong>: \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0925 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&nbsp;\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0939\u093e\u092b-\u0921\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u094b\u0921)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093f\u092a\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092b\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u0932\u0949\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u091c\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0911\u092b\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092f\u093e LAN \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1990 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 LANs \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0925\u0940\u0902 (4-16 Mbps)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u092c \u092d\u0940 \u0911\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 ISPs \u0914\u0930 MSPs \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921-\u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (WANs) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"980\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-7.png\" alt=\"\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\" class=\"wp-image-140426\" style=\"width:412px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-7.png 980w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-7-600x533.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-7-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image10-7-768x682.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 (Star) \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0930\u0932, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0939\u092c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0907\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0915\u0947\u091f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0948\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0924 \u0917\u0902\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 : \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092b\u093f\u0938 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"824\" height=\"666\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image39-3.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139600\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image39-3.png 824w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image39-3-600x485.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image39-3-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image39-3-768x621.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 824px) 100vw, 824px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921) \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (Tree)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e :<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930, \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092f\u093e \u092c\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 <em>\u0930\u0942\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a<\/em> (\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0939\u092c) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0921\u093c \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0926\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928) \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0908 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 (\u0938\u092c\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915) \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e <\/strong>: \u0938\u092c\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Subnetting) \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0935\u0949\u0932 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 : <\/strong><em>\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (WAN)<\/em> \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"453\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image64-1-1024x453.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139603\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image64-1-1024x453.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image64-1-600x266.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image64-1-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image64-1-768x340.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image64-1.png 1270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. \u092e\u0947\u0936 (Mesh) \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 :<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (High Reliability): \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u092b\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e (High Data Traffic Capacity): \u0915\u0908 \u0928\u094b\u0921 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e (Secure): \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917:<\/strong><em>\u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (Military Communication Systems)<\/em> \u092f\u093e \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"532\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-4.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139606\" style=\"width:400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-4.png 532w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image23-4-300x292.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 (Hybrid) \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e&nbsp; <\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0926\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917) \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0909\u0920\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0923\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (Scalable): <\/strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 (Flexible):<\/strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e (Complex):<\/strong>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923&nbsp; : \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930-\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/strong>: \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u092b\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b \u0930\u093f\u091c\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u091a\u0948\u0928\u0932 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938 (LANs) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930 \u091f\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u0947 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e <\/strong>: \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 (Redundant) \u092a\u0925 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e <\/strong>: \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0930-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0947\u091f\u0905\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0907\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092f\u093e \u0936\u0939\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image42-4-1024x512.png\" alt=\"Basic computer science Networking and types\" class=\"wp-image-139609\" style=\"width:500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image42-4-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image42-4-600x300.png 600w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image42-4-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image42-4-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/rajras.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image42-4.png 1160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u094b\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u094b\u0921 (\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0926\u094b \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. MAC \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938&nbsp; (Media Access Control Address)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (NIC) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e <\/strong>: \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0935 (Engraved) \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>48-\u092c\u093f\u091f \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0921\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (12 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0926\u094b \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 6 \u0905\u0902\u0915 (OUI): <\/strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e 6 \u0905\u0902\u0915: <\/strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 :<\/strong> 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 <\/strong>: \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u094b\u091f&nbsp; <\/strong>: \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u093e MAC \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Windows:<\/strong> ipconfig \/all.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Linux\/Mac:<\/strong> ifconfig.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. IP \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938&nbsp; (Internet Protocol Address)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924 (logical) \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0915<\/strong>: \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928:<\/strong> \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>IP \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (Length):<\/strong> 32 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f (Format):<\/strong> \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0921\u0949\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091c (Range):<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 0\u2013255 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (Example):<\/strong> 192.168.0.178.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Limitations):<\/strong> \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 4.3 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 (Length):<\/strong> 128 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f (Format):<\/strong> \u0906\u0920 \u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0921\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939, \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 (Example): <\/strong>2001:CDBA:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093e\u092f\u0926\u093e (Advantage): <\/strong>\u0905\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>MAC \u0914\u0930 IP \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>MAC \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>IP \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/td><td>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 (LAN)<\/td><td>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 (WAN\/\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>48 bits<\/td><td>32 bits (IPv4) \/ 128 bits (IPv6)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\/\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e (Manufacturer) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e (ISP) \u092f\u093e DHCP \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f<\/td><td>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 (\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u094c\u0902\u092a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b\u092c\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 (\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 2) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><td>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 (\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 3) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0939\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0921\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0932 (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E)<\/td><td>Pv4: \u0926\u0936\u092e\u0932\u0935 (e.g., 192.168.0.178)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f MAC \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/td><td>VPNs \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091b\u093f\u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f, \u0935\u0947\u092c, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 (IoT)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e :<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u0938\u094d\u0915\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u0932\u0948\u092a\u091f\u0949\u092a, \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930, \u091f\u0948\u092c\u0932\u0947\u091f, \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092b\u094b\u0928, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u0935\u0940, \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928) \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 &#8220;\u0939\u093e\u0908\u0935\u0947&#8221; \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0918\u091f\u0915 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0947\u092e, \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u092f\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0947\u0938 (WiFi) \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 (ISPs) \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0906\u0908\u090f\u0938\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 (\u092c\u0948\u0915\u092c\u094b\u0928) \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c&nbsp; (WWW)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u0947\u092c (World Wide Web) \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 Chrome \u092f\u093e Safari) \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 <\/strong>: \u0907\u0938\u0947 1990 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930 \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0940:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>HTML (\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0905\u092a \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u091c)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>URI (\u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u092b\u093c\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0930\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0906\u0907\u0921\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093f\u092b\u093c\u093e\u092f\u0930)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HTTP (\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u0930\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u093c\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0932)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 : <\/strong>\u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e (URL) \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 HTTP \u092f\u093e HTTPS \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>Internet <strong>\u0935<\/strong><\/strong> <strong>WWW&#8221;<\/strong> \u0915\u093e <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c (WWW)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0964<\/td><td>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 (\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0921) \u0935\u0947\u092c\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930, \u0930\u093e\u0909\u091f\u0930, IoT \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0917, \u0908-\u0915\u0949\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 (IoT) \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0911\u092b \u0925\u093f\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0938 (IoT) \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091c, \u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u092c\u0932\u094d\u092c) \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0935\u0939 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IoT \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0907\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (DNS) \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092e \u0930\u0947\u091c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0932\u093e\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0943\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0939\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f IP \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0939\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f IP \u092a\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0947 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935-\u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 (\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928\u093e\u092e) \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e :<\/strong> ncert.nic.in<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IP \u092a\u0924\u093e: 164.100.60.233<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u0930 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0928\u093e\u092e) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>DNS \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncert.nic.in\"> www.ncert.nic.in<\/a> \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>HTTP \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927<\/strong> \u2192 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e IP \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DNS \u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0930\u0940<\/strong> \u2192 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f DNS \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>DNS \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u2192 DNS \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 IP \u092a\u0924\u093e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 164.100.60.233) \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>HTTP \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong> \u2192 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093c\u0930 IP \u092a\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Web 1.0 (\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u092c)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e:<\/strong> 1990 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 2000 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915<br><strong>\u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915:<\/strong> \u091f\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0938-\u0932\u0940, 1989 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0914\u0930 1991 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<br><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a:<\/strong> \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Web 2.0 (\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u0935\u0947\u092c)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e:<\/strong> 2000 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0915<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c 2.0 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u091f\u093f\u092e \u0913&#8217;\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0940 \u0928\u0947 2004 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<br><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f :<\/strong> \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935, \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e (\u092b\u0947\u0938\u092c\u0941\u0915, \u0907\u0902\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u091f\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0930)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0938 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0928, \u0908-\u092c\u0947)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092f\u0942\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092c, \u0935\u093f\u092e\u0947\u0913)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Web 3.0 (\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c)<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u092e\u092f\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e:<\/strong> \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0940\u0928)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Web3 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e:<\/strong> \u0917\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0941\u0921, \u0907\u0925\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0928\u0947 2014 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f :<\/strong> \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0935\u0947\u092c:<\/strong> Web 3.0 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947 (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928-\u092a\u0920\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0906\u0908 :<\/strong> Web 3.0 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e (AI), \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 (ML), \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 (NLP) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u091c \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> Web 3.0 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928:<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902) \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940:<\/strong> Web 3.0 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0927 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0917\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 (VR\/AR):<\/strong> \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092e\u0947\u0902 VR \u0914\u0930 AR \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0902\u0924 (\u0907\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0935) \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3D \u0935\u0947\u092c:<\/strong> 3D \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0907\u0936\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0916\u0947\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0935 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 <\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0902\u0938 (dApps) \u091c\u094b \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u090f\u0925\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u092e) \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u090f.\u0906\u0908. \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947, \u0938\u093f\u0930\u0940, \u090f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u0906\u0926\u093f)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Web 1.0 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, Web 2.0 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0914\u0930 Web 3.0 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Web 1.0<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Web 2.0<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Web 3.0<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e, \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0917<\/td><td>\u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917\u0940\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/td><td>\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0935\u0948\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0917)<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, AI-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/td><td>HTML, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 CSS, \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0948\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f&nbsp;<\/td><td>JavaScript, AJAX, APIs, \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/td><td>AI, \u092e\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0932\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092c\u0902\u0927, VR\/AR<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0935\u0947\u092c \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930, \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/td><td>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920<\/td><td>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928\u0940\u092f, AI-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924, \u0938\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0915, \u0907\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0935<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0928\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924, \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e\u093f\u092f\u092e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932, \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928\u094d\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0932\u0941\u090f\u0902\u0938\u0930\u094d\u0938&nbsp;<\/td><td>\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924 (DeFi)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0935\u0947\u092c\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f \u092e\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, \u092a\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928<\/td><td>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/td><td>\u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u0947\u0928-\u0926\u0947\u0928, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e (\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u093e\u0920, \u091b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901)<\/td><td>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a (\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915, \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923)<\/td><td>\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a (AI \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u090f\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0910\u092a\u094d\u0938)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0935\u0930\u0940<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092e\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0905\u0932, \u0915\u0940\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0921-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924<\/td><td>\u0916\u094b\u091c \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924<\/td><td>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0916\u094b\u091c, AI-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/strong><\/td><td>URL \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936<\/td><td>\u0916\u094b\u091c \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/td><td>AI-\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915, \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/td><td>\u0938\u094b\u0936\u0932 \u092e\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932-\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e \u091a\u0948\u091f, \u0935\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0949\u0932<\/td><td>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 (\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930-\u091f\u0942-\u092a\u0940\u092f\u0930, \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0949\u0915\u091a\u0947\u0928-\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092b\u094b\u0915\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/td><td>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928, \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>FAQ (Previous year questions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:10px;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:14px;padding-right:16px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);background:#f1ad71;border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f1ad71;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:10px;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id140390_ab47c3-c4 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane140390_89e1af-7d\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u00a0\u0906\u0908.\u092a\u0940. (IP) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0915 (MAC) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964\u00a0<\/strong>(\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2023)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u092e\u0948\u0915 (MAC) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\u0906\u0908. \u092a\u0940. (IP) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (NIC) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e (ISP) \u092f\u093e DHCP \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0964<\/td><td>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 (Dynamic) \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 (Static) \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<\/td><td>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 (\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 2) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><td>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 (\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 3) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752923081153\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u00a0\u0906\u0908.\u092a\u0940. (IP) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0915 (MAC) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u090f\u0964\u00a0<\/strong>(\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2023)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><br\/><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942\u00a0<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092e\u0948\u0915 (MAC) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u0906\u0908. \u092a\u0940. (IP) \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/strong><br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u0940 <strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928<\/strong> \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 (NIC) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u0924\u093e<\/strong> \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b <strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0928\u0947<\/strong> \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u00a0<\/strong><br\/>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0924\u093e (ISP) \u092f\u093e DHCP \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/strong><br\/>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f\u0964<br\/>\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932 (Dynamic) \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 (Static) \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0905\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<br\/>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/><strong>\u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/strong><br\/>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 (\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 2) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<br\/>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 (\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 3) \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 LAN, WAN \u0914\u0930 PAN \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":70889,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"right-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-140390","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928; 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