{"id":137623,"date":"2025-05-09T23:34:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T18:04:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/?page_id=137623"},"modified":"2025-07-18T15:44:42","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T10:14:42","slug":"intellectual-property-rights","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-3\/law\/concepts-of-law\/intellectual-property-rights\/","title":{"rendered":"\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 <a href=\"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/ras\/mains\/paper-3\/law\/\">\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f<\/a> \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915, \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id137623_b78914-67 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.kb-table-of-contents-icon-trigger:before{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id137623_b78914-67 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id137623_b78914-67 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{border-top:1px solid transparent;border-right:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;}}<\/style>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928<\/td><td>\u0905\u0902\u0915<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2023<\/td><td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901 |<\/td><td>2M<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016<\/td><td>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u092f\u0947\u0964<\/td><td>2M<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\/\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 <strong>\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u092f <\/strong>\u0924\u0915 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong> \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092d\u094c\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e (\u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0926 27), <\/strong>\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 <strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (WIPO)<\/strong> \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 (1883)<\/strong> &#8211; \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0902\u0936\u0928 (1886) &#8211; <\/strong>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (WIPO)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u091c\u094b 1967 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e (IP) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> 26 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0932 1970; <strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f:<\/strong> \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f IP \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IP \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u090f\u0902,&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e-\u092a\u093e\u0930 IP \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928, \u0914\u0930&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IP \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong> 26 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0921\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928: <\/strong>\u0938\u091a\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u092d\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>WIPO \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 IP \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f :&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0948\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 120+ \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928, \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e, \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e (\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0938 \u092b\u093c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0902\u0915)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 )<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0928, \u091f\u0915\u0940\u0932\u093e) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0921\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u0913 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 (\u090f\u0921\u0940\u0906\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0939\u0947\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e (\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f: <\/strong>100 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>TRIPS (\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930) \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e, 1994<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>TRIPS \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 (WTO) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0928\u0924\u092e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 1990 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0932\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 (GATT) \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0930\u0941\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0935:<\/strong> \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IP \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TRIPS \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 &#8211; <\/strong>TRIPS WTO \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 IP \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915<\/em><\/strong> (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0948\u0902\u092a\u0947\u0928 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0907\u0902\u091f\u0940\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em> \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940,<\/em> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 &#8211; <\/strong>TRIPS WTO \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u0909\u092a\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928<\/strong>: \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f IP \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e:<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947<\/em> \u0914\u0930 <em>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902<\/em> \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0923<\/em> \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0924\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u094b\u0939\u093e \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>2001 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 TRIPS \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0926\u094b\u0939\u093e \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f TRIPS \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u090f\u0915 WTO \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947, TRIPS \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 IP \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>WIPO \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e &#8211; <\/strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 WIPO \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 IP \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f IPR \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2016:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IP \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923:<\/strong> &#8220;\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u090f\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0907\u0928\u094b\u0935\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0935 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e,&#8221; \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IPR \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0937\u094d\u0920 (CIPAM):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0917 (DPIIT) \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f IPR \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2016 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e <strong>IPRPM \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e<\/strong>, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940\u0906\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2016 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f IPR \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f 2016 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IPR \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IP \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>IP \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><em>\u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e (SIPP)<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f-\u0905\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IP \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><em>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (NIPAM)<\/em> \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 IP \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u0902\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f IP \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 IP \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0927\u0928:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><em>SPRIHA \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e<\/em> \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 37 IPR \u091a\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b IP \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IP \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/strong><strong><br><\/strong><em>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 (TISCs)<\/em> IP \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left\"><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0922\u093e\u0902\u091a\u093e(IPRPM)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>IPRPM 8 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930:<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928:<\/em><\/strong> \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1970 (2005 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928:<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915 (CGPDTM) \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2024:<\/em><\/strong><strong> <\/strong>\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, &#8220;\u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 <\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/em> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928:<\/em> \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999 (2010 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u091c\u093e\u0935\u091f\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0924\u0939, \u092a\u0948\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0928, \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923:<\/em> \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f<\/strong>:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/em> \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/em> \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924, \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u092a\u0928, \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0932\u0947\u092b\u094d\u091f<\/strong> \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0916\u093e\u0938 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, <strong>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0932\u0947\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930<\/strong> \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 &#8220;\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e&#8221; \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947, \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u0930\u0902\u0924\u0941 \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0921 (source code) \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/em> \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0920\u093e \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e:<\/em> \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 (\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999, \u091c\u094b \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e:<\/em> \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0902\u0921\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928:<\/em> \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u091f\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092f:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/em><\/strong><em>:<\/em> \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u091a\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0905\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923<\/em><\/strong><em>:<\/em> \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092f\u093e \u0916\u0941\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902:<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>\u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923<\/em><\/strong><em>:<\/em> \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u0928\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928, \u092c\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0923\u0928, \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923, \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e<\/em><\/strong><em>:<\/em> \u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (PPVFR) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2001, \u091c\u094b \u0928\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e (IP) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0939\u0930 6 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0908 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 (GIs):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 3 \u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948; 2023-24 \u092e\u0947\u0902 98 \u0928\u090f GIs \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0942\u0915\u0924\u093e:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NIPAM \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 24 \u0932\u093e\u0916 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e; 2 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 7000 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0935\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-background\" style=\"background-color:#0270ba59;padding-top:6px;padding-right:6px;padding-bottom:6px;padding-left:6px\"><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d, \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0932\u093e\u092d<\/strong>:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0935\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e:<\/strong> \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f:<\/strong> \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924, \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u091d\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e:<\/strong> \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e:<\/strong> \u0909\u092a\u092d\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0921 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0935\u093e:<\/strong> \u0928\u0908 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0913\u092a\u0928 \u0938\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u0928:<\/strong> \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u093c\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a:<\/strong> \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u090b\u0923 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (IPR) \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0941\u0915\u0938\u093e\u0928 <\/strong>:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924: <\/strong>\u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091c\u093e\u0932\u0938\u093e\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0916\u0924\u0930\u093e: \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901: <\/strong>\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0908\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0901\u091a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0947\u0921 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0940\u092e\u0924\u0947\u0902:<\/strong> \u092e\u0939\u0902\u0917\u0940 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0908 \u0932\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0941\u0932\u092d \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u091a\u0941\u0928\u094c\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0935\u0930\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917: <\/strong>\u0926\u0935\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917: <\/strong>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f-\u092e\u0948\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0923: <\/strong>\u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0926\u0935\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-6-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\"><strong>FAQ (Previous year questions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:10px;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;background:#ffffff;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;background:#f2f2f2;color:#555555;padding-top:14px;padding-right:16px;padding-bottom:14px;padding-left:16px;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#555555;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{color:#444444;background:#eeeeee;border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion--visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:#444444;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, body:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#eeeeee;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);background:#f1ad71;border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basiccircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclosecircle ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrowcircle )  > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger{background:var(--ast-global-color-8);}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:after, .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64:not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-basic ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-xclose ):not( .kt-accodion-icon-style-arrow ) .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active .kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger:before{background:#f1ad71;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap{display:block;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-inner-wrap .kt-accordion-pane:not(:first-child){margin-top:10px;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-panel-inner{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header{border-top:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-right:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-bottom:0px solid #f2f2f2;border-left:0px solid #f2f2f2;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header:hover, \n\t\t\t\tbody:not(.hide-focus-outline) .kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible{border-top-color:#eeeeee;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#eeeeee;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#eeeeee;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#eeeeee;border-left-style:solid;}.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 .kt-accordion-header-wrap .kt-blocks-accordion-header:focus-visible,\n\t\t\t\t.kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 > .kt-accordion-inner-wrap > .wp-block-kadence-pane > .kt-accordion-header-wrap > .kt-blocks-accordion-header.kt-accordion-panel-active{border-top-color:#BE530B;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#BE530B;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#BE530B;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#BE530B;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-accordion alignnone\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-wrap kt-accordion-id137623_98c4ae-64 kt-accordion-has-2-panes kt-active-pane-0 kt-accordion-block kt-pane-header-alignment-left kt-accodion-icon-style-basic kt-accodion-icon-side-right\" style=\"max-width:none\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-inner-wrap\" data-allow-multiple-open=\"false\" data-start-open=\"0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-1 kt-pane137623_2ab5dd-05\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2023)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<p><strong>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e 1957 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 13 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f [\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 2(\u0938\u0940)] ( \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 ), \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u092e\u0948\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902 [\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 2(\u090f\u092b)]\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928 (\u0917\u0942\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0936\u094b)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-pane kt-accordion-pane kt-accordion-pane-2 kt-pane137623_e3986e-d8\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-header-wrap\"><button class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-header kt-acccordion-button-label-show\" type=\"button\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title-wrap\"><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-title\"><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u092f\u0947\u0964<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2016)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"kt-blocks-accordion-icon-trigger\"><\/span><\/button><\/div><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel kt-accordion-panel-hidden\"><div class=\"kt-accordion-panel-inner\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f (\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1970)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 (\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000)\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 (\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 (\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e (\u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2001)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"schema-faq wp-block-yoast-faq-block\"><div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752829932394\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2023)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\"><strong>\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e 1957 \u0915\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 13 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/strong>\u00a0<br\/>\u0915\u0932\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f [\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 2(\u0938\u0940)] ( \u092a\u0947\u0902\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u092e\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092f\u093e \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0901 ), \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\u00a0<br\/>\u0938\u093f\u0928\u0947\u092e\u0948\u091f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093c\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0902 [\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 2(\u090f\u092b)]\u00a0<br\/>\u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u092a\u093e\u0920 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091f\u0941\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0947, \u0915\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u093c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092e\u0928\u094b\u0930\u0902\u091c\u0928 (\u0917\u0942\u0902\u0917\u093e \u0936\u094b)<br\/>\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f (\u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917, \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u0928, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902)<br\/>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0924\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u00a0<br\/>\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/p> <\/div> <div class=\"schema-faq-section\" id=\"faq-question-1752829935175\"><strong class=\"schema-faq-question\"><strong>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0907\u092f\u0947\u0964<\/strong> (\u0905\u0902\u0915 &#8211; 2 M, 2016)<\/strong> <p class=\"schema-faq-answer\">\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f (\u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940\u0930\u093e\u0907\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1957)<br\/>\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f (\u092a\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1970)\u00a0<br\/>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 (\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999)<br\/>\u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 (\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2000)\u00a0<br\/>\u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 (\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 (\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999)<br\/>\u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e (\u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2001)<\/p> <\/div> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0926\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f, \u0915\u0932\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915, \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0943\u091c\u0928\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0947 \u0917\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0902\u0915 2023 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f-\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 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(\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0917\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924\u0915 (\u092a\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 1999)<br\/>\u092a\u094c\u0927\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e (\u092a\u094c\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0943\u0937\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (\u092a\u0940\u092a\u0940\u0935\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0906\u0930) \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, 2001)","inLanguage":"hi-IN"},"inLanguage":"hi-IN"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=137623"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137623\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rajras.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=137623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}